518 REPORT—1899. 
but if a large number of people were brought together the observer would 
have no difficulty in classifying them under one or other of the two pre- 
dominant types. The same holds good equally, or more so, of the cast of 
countenance. In the one we see the high prominent cheek bones, the 
squat concave nose, and thick coarse lips; in the other the cheek bones 
are inconspicuous, the nose straight or slightly aquiline and pointed, and 
the lips of average thickness. In this latter type the ear is small and 
very finely developed, and sits close to the head. 
LINGUISTICS. 
In the following linguistic notes on the Lower N’tlaka’pamug, I have spared no 
pains to make them as accurate and reliable as possible. I did not content myself 
with obtaining information from one or two persons, but checked my notes again 
and again with different individuals whenever an opportunity offered. As far as my 
notes go I think they may be relied upon as trustworthy and accurate. I am largely 
indebted to an educated young woman named Ma/li, who was for many years at the 
mission school at Yale, for my knowledge of the grammar and structure of 
N’tlaka’pamug. She is a member of the Lower N’tlaka/pamuq. 
PHONETICS. 
VOWELS. 
@ as in English hat 7 as in English pique 
a re a3 father 0 a a pond 
a a 40, velo 7] 6 » . tone 
é ” ” pen U ” ” bud 
é . oh, whey ut 44 >» boot 
E 5 » flower ai) 8 » aisle 
a ” ” pin au ” ” cow 
0) kas sve jitiael 
The vowel sounds in the N’tlaka’‘pamuq tongue, as in others of this region, are 
frequently very indefinite. The short vowels are practically interchangeable. In the 
mouths of many Indians 6 and # run into one another. The same may be said of @, 
é, ai, and @, and of iand i, 
CONSONANTS. 
t, as in English. This does not appear to interchange with our d, which as far as 
my experience goes is an unknown sound in Lower N’tlaka’pamuq. 
g, k, as in English. 
e', k-, somewhat as in the English word hick, but more forcibly and gutturally. 
q, as in the German ch in Bach. 
Q, approximately like our wh in the word who, but rather more forcibly than we 
commonly utter it. 
H, as in German ch in ich. 
h, as in the English word house or how. 
y, as in English; b, p, w, m, n, 1, s,as in English; c=sh in English; te=ch 
in church; ts, tz, as uttered in English; dj = English j; tl, an explosive 1. This 
latter sound as often resembles kl as tl, I have, however, followed Dr. Boas’s usage 
and written it invariably as tl. The dl (dorso-apical) of some of the other dialects 
I could not detect in the Lower N’tlaka’pamuqQ. 
INTERCHANGES. 
The commonest interchange of consonant is s with c. Where the Upper and 
Middle N’tlaka’pamug commonly use s, the Lower invariably employ ¢; but through- 
out the whole area the interchange is quite common. Other common consonantal 
equivalents are q=Q=H=h; k'=k; k-=g',k=g; ts=tz=tc; b=p=m. 
It is distinctly noticeable that the rough breathings are very indeterminate in 
character, making it at times difficult to detect the differences. The mild aspirate 
h. appears and vanishes in a word in quite a bewildering fashion. Ifa native is asked 
