ON THE ETHNOLOGIGAL SURVEY OF CANADA. 519 
to ¥epeat a word two or three times, in many instances, if it be a characteristic 
Indian term, the inquirer will be in doubt how to write it on account of the appear- 
ance and disappearance of the rough breathings. A word uttered slowly and apart 
from its context has often a different sound from the same word uttered quickly in 
ordinary speech. The same words in the mouths of women and children are often 
quite different from what they are in the mouths of the men. The consonants are 
much softer and the aspirates are less guttural, or even wholly wanting, in the 
former. 
NUMBER. 
The noun, I think, has no true plural; its place is supplied by a distributive 
formed by amplification of the stem, commonly by reduplication of the first syllable of 
the word, as skai'uq, man; skai'akaiu’q, men; tiio't, boy; titiio’t, boys ; slanats, girl; 
slasla‘nats, girls ; which, in such sentences as the following, approaches the character 
of a real plural: cicai’a tik skai’akaiu’q ’n tlun tskau'tl, there are two men in the 
boat ; quit] tl skai’akaiu’q ’n tlen mita/tlug, there are several men in the church; 
muemucéd’ksta, bring four pieces (of wood) at a time. 
The plural of the adjective is formed in the same way: as tait, (he is) hungry; 
ti'tait, (they are) hungry, when standing as the complement of the verbwm substan- 
tivum. Sometimes the distributive is formed by epenthesis or dizresis, but this is 
comparatively rare, reduplication being a strong feature in the N’tlaka’pamua, 
INSTRUMENTAL NOUNS. 
There is a large class of nouns which take a suffix -tEn, and which may be 
termed instrumental nouns; as, 
N’po'etzn, bed, i.e. thing to sleep on. N’cii'ptmn, ashes. 
N’tl’ko’aptrn, chair, i.e. thing to sit N’tuktci'ntzs, door, 
ou. * WN’keltci/ntmn, key. 
N’tzaukii’cqatzn, lamp, i.e. instru- Tzaula'tEn, shovel. 
ment of light. N’kiiénci’tun, Janguage. 
N’koano’cten, window, ie. instru- N’tsak:d'étctEn, pipe. 
ment for letting sunlight through. N’kii'atEn, shot pouch. 
Nukoatlictzn, eye, i.c. the part of the 
face that lets light through. ‘ 
This initial »’, which appears as a regular prefix in most of these terms, is probabl+ 
apreposition. There is a prepositional form of this kind; as, n’ tla kiia’koa, in the box } 
n’ tla tci’tiQ, in the house; n’ tlen po’etEn, in bed. 
AGENT NOUNS, 
‘There is another large class of nouns which takes a suffix in +wél, and which carries 
with it the idea of agency or action ; as, 
pekhpekhEmu’tl, a hunter, - from pe’khum, to hunt 
tzauEmtzauEmu'tl, a fisher, 4 tzau’Em, to fish, cf. tzautzau, a fishing ground 
teti/teiEmu’tl, a worker, 5,  tceu'km, to work 
uk‘ai’Emutl, a shooter, », krai'Em, to shoot 
tlaha/ndju’tl, an eater, ,,  tlaha’ndj, food 
fiwi'Emu'tl, a laugher, »  fiwi'pm, to laugh 
wi wi u’tl, a crier or caller, », Wawi', a cry or call 
1'tlitlemu’tl, a singer, »  1'tlem, to sing 
tlezuzu'tl, a lazy person, » tlezu'z, lazy . 
kumakumu'tl, a digger (of roots) ,, ku'mmEn, to dig for roots 
yu’k yukEmu’tl, a planter, » yu'kEm, to plant or bury in the catth 
pea’/kEmu'tl, a wood gatherer, »  pea'kum, to gather wood 
kié’auEmu'tl, a berry picker, » kiéau’Em, to pick berries ; from skic‘it, 
[berries 
Of the above terms those that end in -zm are verbs in their simplest, uninflected 
form. This form may be called the substantive form of tle verb. This is not 
peculiar to the N’tlaka'pamua, but is characteristic of most, if not all, of the Salish 
