ON THE ETHNOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. 528 
PRONOUNS. 
The independent personal pronouns are : 
= *ntcau’a, I, me. nimé’mEtl, we, us, 
iwi, thou, thee. piya’pst, you, you. 
tcini’tl, he, she, it; him, her, tcinko’st, they, them. 
The function of these pronouns in N’tlaka'pamugQ is practically the same as that 
of the corresponding forms in English. They are used in answer to such questions 
as, ‘Who did it?’ They are never used with the verb, which has its own inflected 
forms. They are sometimes, however, added to the verbal forms to emphasise them, 
both as subjects and as objects; as, ’xtcau'a podista’a teini’tl, Z killed him; ’xtcau'a 
Quztci'n, T love thee; teinz’tl Quatéis nemémutl, he loves us; Quztigsna tcinkdst, I love 
them; Quztoi’men pzya'pst ta'kamop, I love you all. 
The synthetic personal pronouns form two distinct classes, one for transitive and 
another for intransitive verbs. This latter class also undertakes the function of the 
verbum substantivum. It may be suffixed to almost any part of speech, verb, noun, 
adjective, adverb, pronoun, &c. For example, in the last sentence in the preceding 
paragraph the terminal p in ta'kamdp is the characteristic terminal of this pronoun 
in the second person plural, ta‘kamop being otherwise written as ta’kamds = all, the 
whole. Other examples will be found in other parts of the paper. 
The two classes schematically given are as follows :— 
TRANSITIVE. 
—tena (often abbreviated to —na or even —a), I, 
Singular; —tauq ,, 53 se q, thou. 
| tas “f re a s or c, he, she, it. 
f —tam, we. 
Plural ; —tap, you. 
| —tigs, they. 
INTRANSITIVE. 
—kin, I. —k"'t, we, 
RPP AR thou. Eiurals —k”’p, you. 
rae Lb ca 
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 
Of these there are also two classes, or, more strictly speaking, the pronominal 
elements are modified by two distinct particles which have the function of marking 
the presence of the object possessed in the one case and its absence in the other; as, 
Object Absent 
tl—En my as: tlen—tci'tuQ, my house. 
Singular | tl—a thy as: tla—tci'tug, thy house. 
thes. Anis his, her as: tl—tci’tug s, his or her house. 
tS Gs) onr as: t1—_tci'tug kt, our house. 
Pal) ...ap your as: ti—tcl'tuQ ap, your house. 
tl...igs their as: t/_tcitti'gs, their house. 
Object Present 
ha—n my as: ha—’n—ska’tza, my father. 
Singular] a thy as: ha—a—ska’tza, thy father. 
ha...s_ his, her as: ha—ska’tzas, his or her father. 
( eves Ko Our as: ha—sk4’tzak’t, our father. 
Plural; ha... ap your as: ha—ska’tza ap, your father. 
| ha we tee ther as: ha—ska’tzai’gs, their father. 
These particles that mark the absence and presence of the thing possessed are 
abbreviated forms of the demonstrative pronouns qaha’ ‘this,’ and tlaha’ ‘that,’ and 
consequently signify ‘here’ and ‘there.’ The position of the object noun varies. 
One may say ha’n ska’'tza tci’tug-s, my father’s house; or tci'tugs ha’n ska'tza, the 
house of my father. The latter, however, is the more usual construction. 
