58 CORA D. REEVES. 



13. The males occasionally display their colors to the female. 



14. The males also tap the sides of the female by a trembling 

 vibratory motion of the head. 



15. Before spawning the females partially bury themselves 

 with their pectoral fins covered by the sand or gravel of the 

 bottom. 



16. The male places himself above the female in the position 

 shown in Fig. 3, and during a rapid synchronous vibration of 

 the tails of the two fishes the eggs and milt are extruded. 



17. The eggs remain adhering to the stones of the bottom of 

 the very small depression made by the body of the female. 



18. The spawning is frequently repeated by each female but 

 only a few eggs are deposited at one time. 



19. One or several males may be present during the spawn- 

 ing act. 



20. When supernumerary males are present they take posi- 

 tions above the female and at her sides. 



21. Large males seem to mistake the undifferentiated males for 

 females and to distinguish them by behavior rather than by 

 appearance. 



22. The raising the first dorsal as practiced by the males 

 seems to serve as a sex recognition character. 



23. The brilliant males were successful in pairing in over 60 

 per cent, of the observed cases. The less brilliant males were 

 thus excluded from the pairing in these cases, though they may 

 have been present as supernumerary males. 



Manistee, Mich., 



September 17. 1907. 





