274 BULLETIN OF THE 
been disconnected by erosion, while the intervening valleys are cut down 
to the metamorphic floor. The Tetas de Managua are of similar nature 
and origin. 
The Santiago Levels. — Mr. James P. Kimball has published a paper 
entitled ‘“ Geological Relations and Genesis of the Specular Iron Ores of 
Santiago de Cuba,” ? which gives valuable details coucerning the occur- 
rences of terraces on the south coast of the east end of the island in the 
vicinity of Santiago and Guantanamo. Concerning these he speaks as 
follows : — 
“The immediate coast presents a remarkable development of coral rock, or 
coral limestone, in three terraces, of which the upper is about 350 feet above 
the sea. The second terrace is at an altitude of about 175 feet, and the present 
shore, a plateau of comparatively recent elevation, about fourteen feet above 
tide. These terraces mark successive elevations of the Sierra Maestra range. 
These stages of elevation were in direct, but probably remote, succession with 
other elevations which I shall show to be indicated by traces of more ancient 
corallines (coral formations) about two miles still farther back from the present 
coast. 
“The last terrace, or that of the present shore, falls away vertically into deep 
water soundings, at the mouth of the Carpintero, 150 feet off shore, giving a 
depth of 165 feet. It retains to a remarkable degree the structure of solid reef, 
studded with distinct forms of coral, and is strewn with fragments of coral 
rounded by the waves, but in good preservation, and numbering a large vari- 
ety of species.” 
He also shows that traces of the old limestones are found in the high 
flanks of the Sierra Maestra. Of these he says: — 
“The several terraces of recent coralline mark, as already indicated, succes- 
sive and in chronological order the later uplifts of the Sierra, in vertical range 
not less than five hundred feet. These, together with the series -of corallines 
of the second line of foot-hills, as recognized by the bodies of hematite and 
marble, are proofs of a sum of uplifts of not less than thirteen hundred feet. 
Obscure traces upon the first range of foot-hills of still more ancient corallines, 
to which I shall again refer, point to a still more remote succession of uplifts 
whose vertical range — referred to the latest indicated level of coral formations, 
some one hundred feet below the present shore— may be estimated at about 
twenty-three hundred feet. From the syenite hills may have disappeared by 
subaerial erosion intervening corallines, between those of the present coast and 
the line of ancient and now metamorphosed corallines traced along the contact 
or southern margin of the diorite mantle.” 
1 American Journal of Science, December, 1884. 
