260 REPORTS ON THE STATE OF SCIENCE.—1914. 
astigmatism not to exceed ‘5 d. This estimate to be made by 
retinoscopy with the eye under the influence of a mydriatic. 
3. The pupillary reflex to be normal, the fundus to be free from 
disease, visual fields normal, and balance of colour muscles to be 
normal. Candidate to possess binocular vision. 
4. Colour vision to be normal as tested by coloured wools and 
coloured discs. 
If persons possessing these qualifications are admitted, on re- 
examination the standard required is :— 
1. The same as in the case of an applicant for a licence, except that 
after admission into the service deterioration of vision will be allowed, 
provided that the vision is not less than 6/9 fully and 6/6 partly in 
each eye. 
2. There must be no evidence of any morbid or other condition 
in either eye which would render it probable that the vision would 
deteriorate before the next periodical examination. 
Clause 100 provides that ‘every pilot until he arrives at the full 
age of sixty years, whether licensed before or after the coming into 
force of these regulations, shall at intervals of not more than twelve 
calendar months, and in the case of a pilot who under the regulations 
does not necessarily retire at the age of sixty years, after he attains that 
age, at intervals of not more than six calendar months, have his 
eyes examined and vision tested, and pass as satisfying the prescribed 
standard by an expert oculist to be approved by the Marine Board.’ 
Clause 102 provides :—‘ If, on the occasion of any examination or 
testing of a pilot or of his eyesight or vision (whether biennial, sixth 
monthly, or casual) any physical, mental, or visual defect is discovered 
which in the opinion of the medical examiner or expert oculist, as the 
case may be, does not immediately, but may within a variable time, 
render the pilot unfit for service, such pilot shall submit himself for 
re-examination within such lesser intervals than those hereinbefore pre- 
scribed as the examiner or oculist, as the case may be, may certify 
to be necessary, any longer interval hereinbefore limited to the contrary 
notwithstanding. ’ 
Clause 104 provides :—‘ In the event of any casualty or accident 
occurring to or in connexion with any vessel or incidental to the naviga- 
tion thereof, which in the opinion of the Marine Board may be due to or 
of which in its opinion one of the contributing causes may have been 
some defect in health or vision of the pilot in charge, such pilot shall 
if required by the Board forthwith submit himself and be examined 
by a medical practitioner or expert oculist to be nominated by the 
Board, or by both, as the Board may direct, and until such practitioner 
or oculist or both, as the case may be, shall certify that such pilot is fit 
physically and mentally or visually, and such certificate be lodged with 
the Secretary to the Board, such pilot shall not follow his calling.’ 
Clause 105:—‘If any pilot be absent from duty on account of 
illness, and such absence shall extend beyond twenty-eight days, or in 
case of illness of any duration, if the Marine Board think it advisable, 
or when from any other cause any pilot has been absent from duty and 
