376 TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION C. 
5. The Correlation of the Australian Marine Kainozoic Deposits— 
Evidence of the Hchinoids, Bryozoa, and some Vertebrates. 
By Professor J. W. Grecory, F.R.S. 
Correlations of the Kainozoic deposits which extend along southern Australia 
have been proposed in accordance with two main conclusions. According to 
the first, these deposits include marine representatives of all the Kainozoic 
systems from the Eocene to the Pleistocene. According to the alternative 
explanation, most of the deposits belong to the middle part of the Kainozoic, and 
include essentially one fauna. When I succeeded M‘Coy in Melbourne in 1900 
I had to consider this question, and carefully examined the evidence given by 
the two groups of animals in which I was most interested, the Echinoidea and 
the Bryozoa, and also compared their evidence with that of some fossil verte- 
brates. The second correlation seemed the better to agree with the evidence of 
these groups. The Echinoidea had been regarded as indicating the Eocene age 
of some of the deposits, for one characteristic fossil had been referred to the 
genus /Zolaster. This determination had, however, been revised and the fossil 
referred to a new genus, Duncaniaster, whose affinities are with much later 
echinoids than Holaster. The fossil echinoids could all be included in one 
fauna; some of the most characteristic species, such as Clypeaster gippslandicus 
and Monostychia australis, range from the Balcombian to the Kalimnan, and 
Lovenia forbesi has the same variations in the Janjukian and Kalimnan. Some 
of the rarer species are limited to one locality, but that is probably only due 
to their scarcity. The characteristic Echinoids indicate one fauna, which is 
essentially Miocene, though it may have overlapped with the upper Oligocene 
and lower Pliocene. The evidence of the Echinoids is decidedly in favour of 
the view that there has been one great marine transgression along the southern 
coast of Australia, which reached its maximum in the Miocene if it were not 
confined to that system. 
The evidence of the Bryozoa is less definite, but when carefully examined it 
supports the same conclusions. Many of the genera lived in the Eocene and 
Cretaceous; but most weight should be given to the most specialised Cheilosto- 
mata found in these deposits. Some well-known living species, such as 
Retepora beaniana, Smittia reticulata, and Porella skenei, are found in the 
Victorian beds, and they indicate an upper instead of a lower Kainozoic age. 
The survival of some older Bryozoa is less significant than the first appearance 
of the highly developed upper Kainozoic species. Macgillivray in his monograph 
(1895) said that the Victorian Bryozoan fauna included no Kocene members, and 
that the different horizons represented were not very different in age. With 
those conclusions I fully concur. 
The vertebrate evidence appears to me to support the same determination. 
The appearance of Squalodon, Scaldicetus, and Ziphius, and of such well-known 
species of sharks as Carcharodon megalodon and Oxyrhina hastalis, which range 
from the lowest to the highest of the main Victorian marine series, is in favour 
of those beds being not earlier than Miocene. It is true that both species have 
been recorded from the Eocene of the United States; but these American 
Atlantic deposits are not an altogether satisfactory basis for correlation; and 
these species make their first appearance in the standard Kainozoic succession 
of Europe in the Miocene, and they last on to the Pliocene. 
The classification adopted recently by Mr. Chapman seems to me in essential 
agreement with the evidence of the Echinoids, Bryozoa, and Vertebrates, most 
of the marine Kainozoic beds of southern Australia belonging to the Janjukian 
and being of Miocene age. : 
6. The Evolution of Victoria during the Kainozoic Period. 
By D. J. Manony, M.Sc., F.G.S. 
The Kainozoic period in Victoria is characterised by great earth movements 
accompanied by volcanic action; the present topography is a consequent 
development. 
The central highland area (Paleozoic rocks) extends from the eastern 
boundary of the State westwards to the Grampians; to the north and south 
