444 TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION E. 
this area consists of numerous fault-blocks, more or less tilted, and unequally 
elevated, producing original crests and valleys. As the crests of the blocks are 
often transverse to the east and west trends of the whole highlands, the two 
ends of a relatively low strip may be occupied by streams flowing to north and 
south respectively. The main water-parting or Main Divide between the north 
and south streams varies in its relation to the fault-blocks, being determined in 
part by crests of tilted blocks, or by relatively high blocks, in part by the 
position of the Divide at the head of streams flowing in opposite directions 
in the same low area, and in part by volcanic accumulations. 
It is not necessary to suppose a single original Main Divide from which 
streams flowed directly to the lowlands north and south. On the contrary, there 
is distinct evidence of a more complex arrangement of the original crests so 
that some areas had less direct outlets—for example, a well-marked east and 
west crest south of Ballarat is connected by a meridional ridge east of that 
town to the Main Divide producing two basins, that of Ballarat, and that of 
the original Parwan; the present southerly valleys of the Moorabool, Yarrowee, 
and Smythe’s Creek are cut later through this southern crest. The presence 
of original difficulty-drained areas has probably made alterations in the 
drainage system easier, both by capture and by diversions after volcanic in- 
filling. Alterations are also facilitated by differential movements after the 
present drainage system was initiated on the rising peneplain. 
The Upper Goulburn has probably been formed by linking by capture of 
originally distinct basins. The same has very likely occurred in the case of 
the Yarra. The alterations near Ballarat are largely due to volcanic accumu- 
lations. 
The Main Divide is sometimes volcanic, as in parts near Ballarat, where it is 
formed by materials accumulated round several vents. 
The actual intrusion of the granitic rocks has taken no part in forming the 
present Divide. These rocks have moved with the others in block movements. 
They are evidently more likely to be exposed on the peneplain at places of 
much elevation prior to its completion. Some of these situations would no 
doubt continue to be much elevated later. 
Some of the boundaries of the granitic areas are fault-lines from which 
the granitic country rises rapidly (Mount Cole, Mount Martha, Arthur’s Seat). 
Some of the Paleozoic dacites also make Very prominent hills (Mount Macedon, 
The Dandenongs). In these cases the hard rocks on the uplifted side still 
present some considerable steepness due to the original fault-scarp. 
5. A Map of the Environs of Rome of 1547. By Dr. Tuomas Asupy. 
The Vatican Library has, by a recent gift of His Holiness the Pope, come 
into possession of an important collection of maps and plans. This includes an 
engraved map of the environs of Rome for a distance of about twenty miles in 
each direction, on the scale of about two inches to the mile. It bears the date 
1547, and is unsigned; but Mr. Horatio F. Browne has discovered the Venetian 
privilege for it, from which it appears that its author was a Florentine, 
Eufrosino della Volpaia. It is rather a bird’s-eye view than a map, the pro- 
jection not being accurate, but the details (roads, farms, streams, woods, culti- 
vation, &c.) are very well shown; and it is the largest map of this district known 
until comparatively modern times. Though it is engraved on six copper 
plates, and served as the original of Ortelius’ map, it has remained unknown 
until now, and the Vatican copy is unique. Dr. Ashby has written the text to 
the publication in facsimile made by the Vatican Library in a series which it is 
now issuing (‘Le Piante Maggiori di Roma dei secoli 16°e 17°’). 
6. Three Harly Australian Geographers, their Work, and how it is 
Remembered. By Cuartus R. Lona, M.A., Inspector of Schools, 
and Editor of the Education Department's Publications, Victoria. 
In Australia, the scope of the geography syllabus, especially that of the 
State elementary school, is comprehensive, and the time apportioned to the 
