500 TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION G. 
electrical. It was stated that for general locomotive work on a route with give- 
and-take grades, only 1 per cent. of the total energy of the prime mover would be 
lost in the electrical apparatus used. 
Particulars were given of results calculated as obtainable with the system as 
applied to 1,000 h.p. express locomotive, and in conclusion it was suggested that 
the system should be of special interest to railway engineers, particularly in 
countries where difficulties are encountered in providing satisfactory supplies of 
water and fuel for steam locomotion. : 
4. The Canberra Plan. By Water BurLey GRIFFIN. 
Canberra is the name of the future Federal Capital of the Commonwealth of 
Australia. The author discussed the principles underlying modern town plan- 
ning with special reference to the lay-out of an administrative capital. It was 
shown how these principles have been applied in the scheme adopted at Canberra 
and how the natural features of the landscape have been utilised. 
5. Development of the Port of London. By C. R. 8. Kirkpatrick. 
TUESDAY, AUGUST 18. 
The following Papers and Report were read :— 
1. The Behaviour of Metals under Stram. 
By Wauter Rosznuain, B.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. 
For a rational understanding of the behaviour of metals under strain the 
truly crystalline character of all metals and alloys in their normal (cast or 
annealed) state is of fundamental importance. Evidence for this fundamental 
proposition is readily obtained by the microscope in a variety of ways, including 
the development of ‘etch figures,’ ‘negative crystals,’ and the ‘ oriented lustre’ 
of crystalline aggregates. The manner in which a crystalline aggregate is formed 
when a material undergues solidification by a process of dendritic crystallisation 
such as is typical in metals is illustrated by the building up of aggregates of 
cubical blocks, a process which is shown by the aid of the cinematograph. By 
the same means the behaviour of etched metal surfaces under oblique light is 
demonstrated. The behaviour of crystals and of a crystalline aggregate under 
plastic deformation is next considered, and the manner in which a crystal can 
undergo deformation by a process of slip on its cleavage or gliding planes is 
explained and illustrated by the cinematograph, a summary of the evidence upon 
which our present knowledge of the true nature of plastic deformation is based 
being given and illustrated. : 
The more detailed and difficult questions connected with the deformation and 
fracture of metals which have received increasing attention recently are next 
considered, including such phenomena as ‘ fatigue,’ testing by, and failure under, 
shock or repeated impact, and the phenomena of semi-plasticity and elastic 
recovery. The behaviour of metals at high temperatures is also discussed, and the 
explanation of these phenomena afforded by the modern development of the theory 
of an amorphous phase in metals, as originated by Beilby and extended by the 
author and his collaborators, is summarised. 
2. The Testing of Materials.* 
By Professor W. HE. Dasy, F.R.S., M.Inst.C.H. 
In this paper a short account of some modern photographic methods of test- 
ing materials was given. The practice of showing the structure of metals by 
1 Published in Engineering, September 4, 1914. 
