526 TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION H. 
descendants of the Paleolithic broad-headed Grenille race; in fact, the short 
cist skull approximates closely to the Grenille type af skull. The ceramic found 
in the interments supports this view, for the Hon. John Abercromby has demon- 
strated that the ‘ beaker’ type of sepulchral urn is the oldest Bronze Age ceramic, 
and that it is an imported type having its centre of dispersion in Central Europe 
at the end of the Stone Age. 
3. The Stone Implements of the Australian Aborigine: the Types and 
their Occurrence. By A. 8. Kenyon and D. J. Manony. 
(1) Distribution.—Implements are found all over the land surface; mainly 
at ‘camps,’ but fortuitously more or less everywhere. ‘ Camps ’"—which embrace 
kitchen-middens, over-mounds, myrniong-heaps, cave-shelters, &c.—are of several 
classes. The first and most important comprises those which may practically 
be termed permanent, near unfailing water and reliable food supply. Others 
are, in a varying degree, of a temporary nature. These differences are reflected 
in the implements found at them. Temporary occupation, with surroundings 
calling for little or no use of stone implements, produces ‘camps’ like those 
on the Coorong Ocean Beach, South Australia, where there is no local stone 
or timber, and the food supply is limited to the mollusc, Donax sp. There 
are there thousands of acres of camp exposed; masses of Donaz shells without, 
on the whole surface, more than a dozen shapeless fragments of flint : nothing 
else to show man’s presence. The stone remains to be found at camps range 
from such rudimentary, almost unrecognisable, implements to series embracing 
every class to the highest, varying with the district and its available supplies 
of stone and with the situation. 
(2) Period.—The whole of the implements dealt with are of recent age, and 
were fashioned by the race still existing. They occur on the surface or nearly 
so in positions where rapid accumulation is still in progress. No separation 
into layers of varying degrees of workmanship has yet been observed, while a 
mixture of all types is found on top of formations whose age cannot exceed 
a few hundred years. Certainly some stone occurrences which may imply 
antiquity have been reported, but they are not dealt with here. 
(3) Material.—The material used varies with requirements and accessibility, 
but for cutting implements it may be readily divided into two classes, brittle 
and hard stone, such as flints, quartzites, cherts, &c., and the tougher but softer 
diabasic, metamorphic, and like rocks. Barter is almost wholly confined to the 
latter class, and in it to the better sorts. The brittle stones produce implements 
of palolithic, and lower, types; the tough stones’ mainly those of a neolithic 
character. 
(4) Zype.—There is no doubt that the class of stone available governs the 
degree of finish and method of manipulation, with use and opportunity playing 
a secondary part. At Portland, where flints abound along the coast line and 
no other suitable stones occur, the implements of fiint, forming the great 
majority, are of a marked paleolithic type; most, if not all, of the types so 
classed in Europe being obtainable. Were these the only indications, it might 
be claimed that a race but little higher than the Tasmanian had existed on the 
mainland. On the Upper Goulburn River, where there are no flints and no 
quartzitic rocks of a tractable nature, a completely distinct group of implements 
is met with. The river pebbles, flattened ovals in form, are made implements 
by simply chipping around one edge. In the remote interior of the Mallee Scrub, 
where good brittle stone is obtainable only from great distances, each fragment 
is used and re-used until a complete series of minute implements of ‘ pygmy’ 
type is found. Even with such crude and cumbersome implements as stone-mills, 
the same law holds. In proximity to suitable sandstone, large roughly broken 
masses of stone are used, while at a distance the smaller quarried types prevail. 
(5) Classification—The first requirement is one system capable of including 
all forms, from the most primitive eolithic to a well-differentiated and fashioned 
neolithic implement. No existing European or American system is applicable, 
as all postulate a relationship between the workmanship and the cultural stage of 
the artificer: this is not justified by Australian evidence. Consequently the 
