TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION L. 625 
The establishment of the trade school is, moreover, largely due to the changed 
conditions of modern industry and the total disappearance in some, and the gradual 
disappearance in others, of the apprenticeship system in many of the London 
industries. Most of the trade scholarships for boys are awarded in engineering, 
silversmithing and jewellery, book-production, furniture and cabinet-making, 
carriage-building, photo-engraving and photo-process work, professional cookery, 
waiting, and wood-carving, and for the different branches of the building trades. 
In many other trades, such as tailoring and bakery and confectionery, definite 
trade instruction is given, but no scholarships are awarded for these subjects. 
The net cost, apart from loan charges, in a boys’ trade school is about 152. to 210. 
per head. 
The scholarships awarded to girls are for trade dress-making, laundry work, 
upholstery, ladies’ tailoring, waistcoat-making, corset-making, millinery, design- 
ing and making of wholesale costumes, and photography. As a rule, trade 
scholarships for girls are for a period of two years, with a maintenance grant of 
87. for the first year and 127, for the second year, in addition to free education. 
The net cost in a trade school for girls is about 15/. per girl. 
In order to ensure that trade scholarships are given only to children of 
parents who are unable to maintain their children at school without assistance, 
no candidate is eligible whose parents or guardians are in receipt of an income 
which exceeds 160/. a year from all sources. 
In many ways the trade school has a distinct advantage over the old system of 
apprenticeship :— 
(1) The supervision in a well-equipped trade school is generally of a much 
more efficient kind than even that of a well-ordered workshop. ‘ 
(2) Culture subjects are not neglected, and consequently the general education 
of the boys or girls is continued in a manner suitable to the trade for which they 
are preparing. - 
(3) In the apprenticeship system there is a natural tendency for the appren- 
tice to become attached to some special department of the work, to the serious 
neglect of others. 
(4) In following out a definite curriculum under a well-arranged time-table 
there is very little waste of time and the balance of theoretical and practical 
work is properly maintained. 
(5) The work of a trade school is generally governed by a consultative com- 
mittee of experts who are to a large extent responsible for the education of the 
students being carried on under the best trade conditions. 
(6) The presence of trade experts with experience of teaching, who are 
always at hand in the trade school workshop and able to solve any difficulties 
which may arise, means an enormous saving of time as compared with the case of 
the apprentice who has to await the convenience of the foreman for the solution 
of difficulties. 
A most important element in the success of the trade schools is the connec- 
tion of the school with the trade by means of expert consultative committees. 
The most important of these are the consultative committees in (i) bookbinding, 
(ii) book-production, (iii) goldsmithing, silversmithing, and jewellery, (iv) tailor- 
ing, and (v) furnishing trades. These committees are representative of the 
Masters’ Associations, of the Workmen’s Associations, and of the Council. Local 
consultative committees of experts have also been formed in the case of each 
trade in each of the girls’ schools. 
In addition to the full-time trade schools there are many polytechnics and 
technical schools in London working in conjunction with employers of labour in 
connection with the technical education of their employés. Moreover, apart from 
full and part time day work admirable provision is made in all parts of London 
for evening classes in polytechnics and similar institutions in connection with the 
various trades. The enthusiasm with which thousands of young artisans, after a 
long day’s work, will attend for theoretical and practical instruction in the 
scientific principles of their trades under skilled craftsmen is one of the mest 
pleasing features in London education. 
1914. $s 
