ATLAS, TEXTUAL, AND WALL MAPS. l55 



Most Atlases still err on the side of excess of names, though in some 

 quarters there has been great improvement of late. The Atlas 

 should be provided with a place index, giving latitude and longitude of 

 important sites not named on the plates. This would enable the student 

 to add the names which he requires for his own purposes, on a blank 

 outline. The use of such blank maps has increased greatly in recent 

 years, and it is desirable that a School Atlas should be so published that 

 its maps may be obtained also singly, both fully coloured and also in 

 outline. 



Where both orographical and political maps of one region are pro- 

 vided, no names but those of physical features should appear on the 

 orographical map. The maps should have as little as possible in 

 common beyond the outline, rivers, and railways. 



Colour. 



The ' layer-system ' is almost universally used for the expression 

 of relief in School Atlases. Intermediate heights may be shown by 

 conventionalised hachuring. Contours on such maps can give but little 

 idea of form, and are not recommended except when required in print- 

 ing, as to bound the colour bands. In nearly all the Atlases examined 

 the colours were found to be too deep. The Committee confidently 

 recommends that the colour-scheme adopted for the International Map 

 1 : 1,000,000 and based on the teaching of physiological optics be 

 followed as closely as possible for all physical ma_ps. 



For the sea, deepening shades of blue should be used, not white, the 

 depths being indicated in feet rather than in fathoms; for lakes, the 

 same blue as for the shallowest sea. Elvers and river names should 

 be in blue. Eed hnes which stand out well from the background can 

 be used to show political frontiers on an orographical map. Colour 

 indicating relief should not be interrupted at the frontiers but carried 

 to the margin of the map . 



Eeference should be made to an article on ' Eelief in Cartography ' 

 ('Geographical Journal,' March and April, 1914) by Captain (now 

 Major) H. G. Lyons, D.Sc, P.E.S., to whom the Committee is 

 indebted for much help and advice. 



Gloss. 



It is important that no glossy inks or super-calendered paper should 

 be used for a School Atlas. The reflections from a glossy surface are 

 apt to injure eyesight, partly by interfering with binocular vision. 

 Maps, coloured or uncoloured, can be produced without extra expense 

 on paper from which the specular reflection at 45 degrees does not 

 exceed the diffuse reflection (see Section L, reports on ' The Influence 

 of School Books upon Eyesight,' 1913 and 1915). 



Lettering. 



Four styles of lettering are used on the Maps II. and III. printed 

 in this report : (a) The North-west quarter is entirely sans-serif except 



