202 REPORTS ON THE STATE OF SCIENCE. — 1915. 



viously excavated S.E. entrance; at its inner end it turned off sharply 

 2 feet to the right and then curved round in its first direction for several 

 feet further, forming a shallow recess. There was a groove from top to 

 bottom of the wall at 11 feet from its outer end, 1 foot 6 inches wide 

 and 1 foot deep, and at the foot of this groove there was a hole in the 

 ground stiffened by stone slabs ; this groove and hole were evidently 

 for a wooden post built in at the time of construction. At the corner 

 where the wall turned off 2 feet there was a similar post-hole in the 

 ground, 1 foot 6 inches wide, apparently constructed of stones placed 

 within a larger excavated hole. But both these post-holes were difficult 

 of examination owing to the dangerous way in which the wall bulged 

 over them. Opposite to these two post-holes, at a distance of 9 feet 

 from the wall, two other large holes, cut out of the rocky ground, were 

 subsequently unearthed; both contained many flat stones, either set 

 upright or fallen within them, as if for post-holes; there were small 

 pieces of charred wood, possibly remnants of a post, at the bottom of 

 the N.W. hole. 



The gravelled road lying between these four holes was traced in an 

 outward direction running beneath and beyond the later facing wall of 

 the rampart ; in an inward direction it also continued beneath the back 

 walls of the previously excavated guard-houses and two inner casing- 

 walls of the rampart. It had a width of about 9 feet throughout its 

 course. Curiously, no side wall was found on the W. side of this road- 

 way; one big upright slab embedded alongside the outer post-hole 

 here seemed to be the only stone of such a wall hi situ. But apparently 

 many of the stones of a former wall were those which were found lying 

 upon the roadway; others had probably been quarried for later con- 

 structions. 



It seems clear, therefore, that the excavations have brought to light 

 a ruined entrance of still earlier date than the successive entrances 

 unearthed 18 feet W. in 1912 and 1913. This earlier entrance seems 

 to have suffered forcible destruction by the throwing down of its western 

 wall into the passage. Moreover, the quantities of burnt stones and 

 burnt lime, with some charcoal, found in the lower strata of its ruins, 

 point to a conflagration at the same time. 



It was noted that the burnt lime layer above the roadway extended 

 beneath the foundations of the two successive guard-houses on this side 

 belonging to the previously excavated S.E. entrances. The only relics 

 found in this early entrance were pieces of broken bone of Bos trodden 

 into the roadway, some charcoal, a broken ' pot boiler,' and a small bone 

 ' scraper * — none of which are datable. 



This discovery under the rampart on the E. side of the first-found 

 S.E. entrance made it desirable to examine the rampart on its W. side ; 

 and this more particularly because ditches 1 and 2 here were found, 

 upon excavation last year, to curve inwards and to end at some distance 

 before reaching the entrance. The rampart at this point is unfor- 

 tunately very large and four big trees were growing upon it ; these were 

 felled and removed ; but as the excavation of such a mass of material 

 by barrow and plank in a difficult position would have been very 

 laborious, it was decided to employ a ropeway carrier of the ' Mond ' 



