346 REPORTS ON THE STATE OF SCIENCE. — 1915. 



Bll. WasJiington. — Industrial Commission Reports. Give number of accidents 

 for every half-hour of day. Greater proportion occur in ' Lumbering ' classed 

 separately in 1912, under Industry in 1913. Quoted Diagram VI. 



B12. Wisconsin. — Bureau of Labour and Industrial Statistics. Fourteenth Bi- 

 ennial Report, 1909-10. Gives hourly distribution of manufacturing accidents. 

 Quoted B5 and Diagram I. 



C. Experiments in Factory Organisation. 

 CI. Roth, Emil, ' Ermiidur.g durch Berufsarbeit.' Fourteenth International Con- 

 gress of Hygiene and Demograjjliy. Contains a comparison of the amount of 

 electrical current used at Siemens and Halske before and after a change in organi- 

 sation. When the hours of work were 7-8.30, 9-12, 2-4 and 4.30-6, and the 

 worker brought his own food, there was a slow increase by practice, a maximum 

 at 9.30-11.30, a fast falling off and less current in the afternoon than morning. 

 Wlien the hours of work were 7-8.30, 9-12, 12.30-2.30, 3-4.30, and food was 

 provided, there was a fast increase by practice, a maximum at 9.15-11.45, little 

 falling off, and current almost as high in the afternoon. Roth is careful to point 

 out that a stiicter discipline was enforced after the change that may explain 

 some of the increase of current. 



C2. Fromont, L. G., at the Engis Chemical Works, Liege, ' Une Experience Tn- 

 dustrielle de Reduction de la Journoe do Travail.' Results on output and sick- 

 ness of a reduction of hours ; for a .summary see Goldmark, p. 63. 



03. Mather, Wm., M.P., ' The Forty eight Hours Week : a year's experiment and 

 its results at the Salford Iron Works.' Published in pamphlet form, Manchester. 

 1894. Gives comparison of wages-cost, lost time, and piecework before and 

 after change from fifty-three to forty-eight hour week. For Summary refer 

 to Goldmark, Part I., p. 138. 



C4. ' Board of Trade Labour Gazette,' July 1905. Describes ' Reduction of hours in 

 Government Factories and Workshops.' An average reduction of 5f hours 

 per week in work-places rmder the War Office and an average reduction of 2| 

 hours per week in work-places under the Admiralty, reducing both to a 48-hour 

 week and introduced in 1894. The output remained the same. 



C5. The Twelve-Hour Shift in the Steel Foundry. R. A. Bull, ' Iron Age,' Oct. 3, 

 1912. Compares in detail the materials spent and the quality and quantity 

 of the product before and after a change from the 12-hour to the 8-hour shift 

 at the Commonwealth Steel Co., Granite City, 111. ' The differences in most 

 cases are slight, but the essential ones are in favour of the short shift.' ' The 

 comparison indicates fully a more economical and efficient manipulation of both 

 open-hearth and boiler furnaces.' 



06. United States Bureau of Labour Bulletin No. 118, ' Ten-Hour Maximum Work- 

 ing-Day for Women and Young Persons.' On page 46 figures are given to show 

 that in three factories in Calcutta where the numbers of hours worked were 

 increased from 11| to 13i up to 14-i, there was a decrease of output as follows : — 



Per cent, of Production in 1906 over 1907 



07. Associated Efficiency Engineers, New York, 1914, ' Efficiency Study of a Mill's 

 Work.' This pamphlet ' examines the expediency of operating only five days 

 a week, with a shutdown on Saturday for cleaning up and mill repairs.' It finds 

 that the average tonnage per month under this ' five-day basis ' was only 2-3 

 per cent, below that attained on the si.x-day basis, the total manufacturing 

 or ' conversion ' cost 1-8 per cent, below and the ' conversion ' cost per ton -3 per 

 cent, above ; there is less depreciation on plant and increased efficiency from 

 men and equipment. 



