THE QUESTION OF FATIGUE FROM THE ECONOMIC STANDPOINT. 347 



C8. Abb6, Ernst, ' Die Volkswirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Verkiirzung des In- 

 dustriellen Arbeitstages.' Published in ' Ocsammelte AbhancUungen,' Part 3, 

 Jena, 1901. Lecture I. compares the output and use of power in the Zeiss 

 Optical Works, Jena, for four weeks under a nine-hour day system and for four 

 weeks after the change to an eight-hour day in 1900. For summary refer to Gold- 

 mark, Part I., p. 155. 



D. Investigations (Special Correlations). 



Dl. Huntingdon, Prof. Ellsworth, ' Work and Weather.' Harper's Magazine, 

 January 1915, p. 233. A summary is given in Section I.b. 



D2. Imbert, Prof. A., ' Lcs Accidents du Travail et les Compagnies d' Assurances.' 

 Revue Scientifique, June 4, 1904, p. 715. Gives the daily-curve time of 660 

 accidents in transport and manufacture combined in 1903. See Goldmark, 

 Part II., p. 193. 



D3. Imbert, Prof. A., and M. Mestre, ' Statistique d' Accidents du Travail.' Revue 

 Scientifique, Sept. 24, 1904. Gives diagrams illustrating the daily accident 

 time-curve : 



A, For 660 Accidents in transportation, 326 in chemical works, and 189 in 

 wood-working in the Dept. of Herault, 1903. 



B, For 280 Accidents in building, etc., 149 in metals, and 237 ui commerce 

 and banking in the Dept. of Herault, 1903. 



C, For 2,065 accidents in Industry in Dept. of Herault. 

 For 5,534 accidents in 9 Depts. of Toulouse district. 



D4. Imb6rt, Prof. A., and M. Mestre, ' Nouvelles Statistiques d' Accidents du Travail,' 

 Revue Scientifique, Oct. 21, 1905, p. 521. Gives diagrams illustrating the accident 

 time-curve : 



(A) For hours of day of 3,352 accidents in all industries in 5 Departments 

 of Southern France in 1904. Quoted by Bogardus (Index D7). See Gold- 

 mark, Part II., p. 198. Quoted Table XV. 



(B) For days of week. In Belgian manufactures 1901-2 and 1902-3, and in 

 2,065 accidents in all industry in Dept. of Herault, whose houily occurrence 

 was given in article of Sept. 24, 1904. 



D5. Pieraccini, G., 'La Curva della Produzione Utile,' First International Congress 

 on Industrial Diseases, Milan, 1906. Gives some output and mistake time- 

 distributions. For summary refer to Goldmark, Part I., p. 133. 



D6. Marsh, Howard D., ' The Diurnal Course of Efficiency.' New York, The Science 

 Press, pp. 99. On pages 33-41 is given the output for each hour of the day in 

 the following operations, all of which Dr. Marsh personally supervised : 



1, Eight girls, on piece wage, stitching magazines with wire for an average of 

 eight days and a half with three evenings and a half. 



2, Eight girls, on piece and time wage, making paper coin- cases for an average 

 of five days and a half. 



3, Six girls, on time wage only, numbering checks and ledger -lines for an 

 average of one day and a third. 



Dr. Howard discusses the different effect on output of work requiring speed, 

 accuracy, and strength ; of time and piece wages, and of the age of the worker. Being 

 interested primarily in the psychology of the individual, he criticises the ' smoothing ' 

 out of curves into types and pays great attention to the deviations of the individual 

 curves from the average. 



D7. Bogardus, E. S., ' The Relation of Fatigue to Industrial Accidents.' American 

 Journal of Sociology, 1911, pp. 17, 206-222, 351-374. 



Bogardus sets himself the following problems, to each of which we append 

 Bogardus's own solution : — 



p. 211. (a) ' The formulation of a law of the development of the fatigue 

 processes wliicli accompany continued work, in so far as they may be related 

 to accidents.' 



