TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION E. 491 



processes thus ceases as soon as the so-called land forms have been referred to 

 their respective processes or combinations of processes. Since most text-books 

 of physical geography have been written from the geological point of view, 

 it follows naturally that the treatment of Jand forms in these text-books is 

 entirely subsidiary to the discussion of processes and offers no clue to the 

 scientific definition and classification of individual forms. It is believed, 

 however, that these submit themselves to systematic classification with almost 

 as much ease as the subject-matter of other natural sciences, and that it falls 

 dearly within the scoipe of geography as the science of the earth's surface to 

 establish such a classification. The first attempt in this direction was made 

 by Professor Passarge, of Hamburg, in 1912.' The classification outlined 

 below is based upon similar principles and has already appeared in the Scottish 

 Geographical Magazine. - 



It is proposed to set up two classes of land forms, each containing two 

 orders : 



Class A. Endogenetic Forms. 



Order I. Negative Forms. 



Order II. Positive Forms. 

 Class 13. Exogenetic Forms. 



Order I. Degradation Foims. 



Order II. Aggradation Forms. 



The two orders of endogenetic forms are then subdivided into four families : 

 Family 1. Forms due to superficial volcanic activity. 

 2. Forms duQ to sub-crustal volcanic activity. 

 .'1 Forms due to radial movements. 

 4. Forms due to tangential movements. 



Similarly the two orders of exogenetic forms are each subdivided into nine 

 families : 



Family 1. Forms due to the action of the run-off. 



2. Forms due to the action of percolating water. 



3. Forms due to the action of streams and rivers. 



4. Forms due to the action of life. 



5. Forms due to the action of lightning. 



6. Forms due to the action of sun-heat. 



7. Forms due to the action of the atmosphere. 



8. Forms due to the action of frozen water. 



9. Forms due to the action of the sea. 



Each family is then subdivided into genera and species or specific forms. It 

 is suggested that a land form be defined as any surface or slope which may 

 be referred in origin to the operation of a single process or force. Monodynamic 

 surfaces of this kind being rare, however, the commoner polydynamic surfaces 

 may be classified according to the predominant force amongst those responsible 

 for the production of the surface. This definition may be extended to include 

 such surface features as cones or domes enclosed by one continuous surface, 

 or such features as ridges or mounts enclosed by surfaces meeting in edges, 

 provided that all these surfaces may be classified as examples of the same 

 specific form. 



Jniul Dificiissiioii wilh Section H on Racial Dislribulion in llie 

 Balkans.— See p. 672. 



3. North China and Korea. By V. M. Roxby, M.A. 



This paper consisted of — 



(1) A description of various aspects of Chinese and Korean life, illustrated 

 by lantern slides. 



' Mitt, der Geog. Gesdl. in Hamburg, xxvi., 1912, p. 133. 

 " S.G.M., xxxi., 1915, p. 57. 



