TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION E. 493 



various stages in the evolution of a market town. A village nucleus of farm- 

 houses arose at various places throughout the area wherever considerations of 

 defence, ease of communications, water-supply, &c., led to a grouping together 

 of habitations. The subsequent growth and development of this village nucleus 

 depended mainly upon two factors — the aTea and the productivity of the region 

 of which it was the focus. The stages of growth may be conveniently classified 

 as the 'inn-village' [e.g., Gradbach, Heaton, Bottomhouse ), the 'shop-village' 

 (e.g., Meerbrook, Horton, Grindon), the ' fair- village ' {e.g., Hartington, Flash), 

 and last, the market-town {e.g.. Leek, Cheadle, Longnor). For various reasons, 

 but mainly through the development of communications. Leek now dominates 

 the whole ar^a. 



The main industries of the region which have affected the den.sity of popula- 

 tion are coal-mining, cotton, silk, and copper manufactures, and silk-dyeing. 



3. The Middle Tecs and its Tributaries : A Study in River Development. 

 Bij C. B. Pawcett, B.Litt. 



The streams here considered are the middle portion of the Tees and its 

 tributaries from Stainmore to the eastern edge of the Carboniferous rocks of the 

 Pennines. The district which they drain is characterised by the presence of 

 three distinct types of topography, viz. : 



(1) A wide and comparatively smooth upland surface, sloping gently eastward, 



but cut off abruptly to the west by the Pennine Scar, with a few hills 

 rising above it. 



(2) A series of wide, shallow, mature valleys. 



(3) A series of narrow and youthful valleys, which are for the most part 



sunk below the floors of the mature valleys. 



The rocks of the district are almost entirely of Carboniferous age, mainly 

 Lower Carboniferous limestones and shales in the southern half and Upper Carbo- 

 niferous sandstones and shales in the northern. The complex topography is not 

 primarily due to the rock structure, which is quite simple ; but must be ascribed 

 mainly to the work of the streams, influenced in some cases by lines of faulting. 



Of these streams the middle part of the Tees is the longest and much the 

 largest. It enters Middle Teesdale from the Upper Dale by the Eggleston Gap, 

 with a sharp change in its general direction on doing so. It then flows for 

 about six miles in an almost straight trench at the foot of the fault-line scarp of 

 jNIarwood Scar, receiving several tributaries from the west and none from the east. 

 At Barnard Castle the Tees bends ea.stward, and thence flows, along an arc 

 convex to the south, to its junction with the Langley Beck through a series of 

 alternating gorges and wider terraced valleys. On joining the Langley Beck 

 the river resumes its E.8.E. direction, and two or three miles lower it leaves the 

 Carboniferous rocks. 



The largest of the tributary streams is the Greta. This rises in Stainmore 

 Pass and flows eastward in a well-marked trough valley, in which part of its 

 course is underground. East of Bowes it also flows in an arc convex to the 

 south, but the general direction of its upper course is continued by a small 

 stream, the Tutta Beck, which it intercepts near Greta Bridge. The Greta 

 finally joins the Tees through a very narrow and steep gorge. About its lower 

 course at least three changes in the drainage lines are traceable. The original 

 consequent valley was continued directly eastward to the lowland ; it is now 

 (iccupicd by three distinct streams, the R. Greta and the Tutta and Clow 

 Becks. First the Greta was captured by a tributary of the Swale and diverted 

 S.E. to that river. In its later diversion to an arc south of the direct valley 

 line the Greta resembles several other streams in the neighbourhood. Lastly, at 

 a very recent period it was captured by a small tributary of the Tees. 



The second of these streams is tlie Balder, parallel to the upper Greta, 

 '{"his has lost its headwaters to the Eden sj'stem at a fairly recent period, and 

 Mie capture has left at Balderhead a low pass through the Pennine crest. Its 

 tiibutaries show clear examples of the development of a complex river system 

 by successive captures of originally distinct and parallel consequent streams. 



Of the lowland stieams the chief is the Langley Berk. This flows in a wide 



