TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION P. 



573 



the dress-making trades have, however, been drawn into the trade as bakers. 

 In this work two women are generally required to do the work of one man, and 

 the women receive in some cases three-quarters of a man's wages. The women 

 find the heat excessive and require more time off than the men in consequence 

 — generally half an hour in every four hours. Women are, however, being 

 increasingly employed in baking ' fancy ' cakes and pastries. 



In flour mills a few -women have been employed instead of boys as attendants 

 to power machines, and women have replaced men to a certain extent in 

 breweries in bottling and labelling, and in aerated-water factories. 



Tobacco. 



The following show the increase or decrease of employment in the tobacco 

 trade between the years 1901 and 1911 : 



At the beginning of the War the tobacco trade was not appreciably affected, 

 but by October considerable unemployment occurred, especially in the cigar 

 trade. By the month of February there was an increase in the number of 

 women employed in July of the previous year of 5-2 per cent., and from that 

 time onwards the trade has been extremely busy. Before the War the trade 

 was subject to considerable fluctuations, and there was a large surplus of male 

 labour, chiefly foreign, which has been absorbed since. Replacement of men by 

 women has taken place to a very slight extent, though women and girls in 

 many firms have taken the place of boys, mostly in blind-alley occupations, and 

 will probably be retained after. 



Just before Christmas, owing to the large consignments of cigarettes and 

 tobacco sent to the troops, a considerable boom took place, mainly in the 

 cigarette branch of the trade, and this part of the trade has been increasingly 

 busy since, owing to large War Office and private orders. 



Besides cigarette making proper a considerable part of the cigarette trade 

 consists of box-making, soldering, labelling, packing, and dispatching, in which 

 a large amount of female and boy labour is employed. Since the war boys have 

 almost entirely been replaced by girls. In the actual processes of making 

 cigarettes the line between men's and women's work is clearly defined. The 

 men are engaged on the heavier work, such as handling the hogsheads of leaves, 

 unpacking and cutting the leaves, and on work requiring skill, such as pan- 

 \v;)vk. Male mechanics also attend to the cigarette machines. Girls and women 

 are employed in stripping the leaves and in feeding the cigarette machines and 

 catching and examining the finished cigarettes. They solder tins and do every 

 process save the handling of heavy cases in packing, wrapping, and dispatching. 

 Women also make cigarettes by hand, though men make the better class " flat"" 

 cigarettes. Since the War, however, the great increase in demand has been for 

 machine-made cigarettes. 



Brush Making. 



According to the 1911 Census there are 9,813 males and 7 702 females 

 employed m this trade. Since 1901 the increase in the numbers of women in 

 the trade was 10 per cent, and of men 6 per cent. Since the War employment 

 in the trade has been fluctuating but on the whole good. Before the War, a 

 German kartel had succeeded in substantially monopolising the source of the 

 bass supply, and the trade in England was declining, but since the War the 

 supply has again been secured. Health Insurance records show that married 

 women and others who had ceased to be employed before the War have 



