132 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. VIII. 
swarms, which settle from time to time and devour the crops. The damage 
done by locusts is thus occasioned, first, by the young wingless insects, and 
afterwards by the winged adults into which the young transform after a couple 
of months of steady feeding. 
The following are the chief species of locusts found in different parts of the 
world other than India :-— 
Pachytylus migratorius, the chief migratory locust of Europe, occurs espe- 
cially in Hastern Europe and Southern Russia, also in Central Asia, Siberia, 
North China, Japan, the Fiji Islands, New Zealand, North Australia, Mauritius, 
Madeira, and possibly in South Africa, very little, however, being known about 
its distribution in the Southern Hemisphere (McLachlan : article Locust, Eney- 
clopedia Britannica). It may be looked upon as the chief locust of the tem- 
perate zone, excluding America. An elaborate account of this species in South 
Russia is given by Képpen (Hore Soc. Ent. Ross., iii, pp. 89—246 ; reviewed in 
Zool, Record, 1867, p. 457). From eggs laid in the autumn the larvee hatch in 
the spring (April and May), and moult four times before they become adult 
larvze, band themselves together, and move in search of nutriment, feeding 
chiefly on Gramine and doing a vast amount of damage. The imagos emerge 
about July, copulate soon afterwards, and oviposition extends from August to 
October. Each female copulates and oviposits about three times, at intervals 
of about a month ; each time laying from 50 to 90 eggs, ina hole bored by 
her horny ovipositor in the soil. This hole is about 13 inches deep and is lined 
with frothy matter, which hardens into a case for the eggs. The eggs have 
been found to withstand as low a temperature as 26° F. below zero. The dry 
steppes constitute the chief haunts of the locust, which avoid damp places. 
The females generally oviposit in solid virgin soil, and seldom visit ploughed 
land for this purpose. Képpen is of opinion that the countries in which the 
swarms are seen arealso, generally speaking, the countries of their origin. 
Pachytylus cinerascens, Fabr., and Cidipoda tatarica, Motsch., which have 
been described by different authors as distinct from P. migratorius, are consid- 
ered by Képpen to be but varieties of one and the same species (Hore Soc. 
Ent. Ross., iii, 1867). P. cinerascens is the form which has usually appeared in 
England and Belgium, in the latter of which countries Képpen notices that it 
probably breeds (Zool. Record, 1872, p. 398). It also occurs.in India. 
Pachytylus pardalinus has been described as destructive in South Africa 
(Trans. Soc. Afr. Phil. Soc., i, p. 193, 1880). 
Pachytylus stridulus, Gidipoda vastator, Stauronotus vastator, and Pezotetti« 
alpina have been noticed amongst other locusts as occasionally destructive in 
Southern Russia, especially when associated with the common migratory species 
Pachytylus migratorius and Caloptinus italicus of that region (K6ppen, Horz 
Soc. Ent. Ross., iii, 1867). 
Caloptenus spretus, the Rocky Mountain locust (see Reports of United States 
Entomologists—Riley, Pachard and Thomas—Washington, 1877—79), caused 
