SYNONYMY OF SOME SPECIES OF INDIAN PIERINZ. 497 
coloured rains-form of H. phryne, that the figure of H. zeuaippe shows 
a dry-season female of H. phryne, that H. hira represents the extreme 
of the dry-season form of H. phryne from districts where vegetation 
is scanty, that H. coronis is figured from the very darkest female 
rains-form of H, phryne, and that H. copia is usually given as a 
synonym of H. zeuxippe. 
APPIAS. 
This genus is usually divided into two sections, viz., Appias and 
Catophaga, the latter differing from typical Appzas in the forewing being 
more produced apically and the outer margin excavated below the apex 
instead of straight, These seem to form two very natural sections, the two 
Indian species of the first section being very closely allied, in fact merely 
geographical representatives of one another, while they differ from the 
species of Catophaga in being very numerous in individuals, and being 
most abundant in comparatively arid tracts, while the species of Cato- 
phaga appear to prefer denser jungle and being also much less numerous 
in individuals are consequently not so well represented in collections, 
Section APPIAs, 
Seasonal variation is shown much as in Huphina, the rainy-season 
forms being larger and more profusely marked than the dry-season ones; 
the latter also having the ground-colour of the underside tinged with 
ochreous instead of being pure white, A. lbythea, Fabricius, and 
A, zelmira, Cramer, are the only two species which occur within 
Indian limits, the latter being the Hastern representative of the former. 
Both these species show considerable seasonal variation, and four of 
the seasonal forms have been named by Colonel Swinhoe, three of them 
in the “ Annals and Magazine of Natural History ” for 1890 (pages 358 
et seq.) Ofthese four named forms, A. ares and A. retexta are 
respectively the extremes of the dry- and wet-season forms of A, libythea, 
the typical form of which is intermediate between the two. The other 
two named forms, A. zvinii, and A. olferna, are respectively the 
extreme of the dry-season form and an intermediate between the 
two extreme forms of A. zelmira, which is itself the extreme of the 
wet-season form, 
A, zelmira is a species which shows the transition from the extreme 
of one form to the extreme of the other more clearly than any other 
species known to me, and it is by no means difficult to obtain a series 
