614 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. 



the rivers and streams. For Waterford, they procure it about 

 sixteen miles up the Suir, near Portlaw. " At Bonmahon there is 

 a sea sand (JEolian) fit for almost any building or concrete. It is 

 artificial, being due to the washings from the stamps when the 

 copper mines were at work." — {W. S. Bit, fen). 



Glass. — Early in the century glass bottles were made opposite 

 to Ballycarvel ; and subsequently, about fifty years ago, there was 

 a large glass manufactory. The " Gatchell or "Waterford glass " 

 was famous, this " Irish glass " having a name even in India, to 

 which it was largely exported. It ceased about 1845, after the 

 death of George Gatchell, as on his death the lease of the premises 

 expired, and the landlord wanted to double the rent. This, com- 

 bined with his widow wishing to retire to England — her native 

 country — broke up the industry. A sand for cutting purposes 

 is said to have been brought from the Co. Kilkenny, and the rest 

 from the Isle of Wight, England. 



[Flint sand is the principal ingredient in flint glass. There is also red-lead, pearl- 

 ash, manganese, arsenic, &c, the ingredients and the quantity of each used depending 

 on the metal-mixer.. The metal-mixer locks himself into his room, and there mingles 

 the several compounds. If his talent in this department leads to a good result, as was 

 always the case in the "Waterford glass when Walter Purcill was the metal-mixer, 

 such a man can almost carry everything his own way. — (George Miller)."] 



WESTMEATH. 



This area is occupied nearly solely by Carboniferous limestone. 

 At Sion Hill, however, north of Killucan, there is a very small 

 exposure of Ordovician, margined by Loiver Carboniferous Sand- 

 stone, the latter rock also appearing in a few scattered exposures 

 near Moate, and near Ballynacarrig, to the north-west of the 

 county. These sandstones are of very limited extent, and are 

 only used in their intermediate vicinities. 



South-west of Mullingar, in the parish of Lynn, are some 

 quarries of calcareo-argillaco-arenaceous flags. 



Sand and Gravel. — Pit sand and gravel are common through- 

 out the county, and of a fair quality. 



