Witson—WMendelian Characters among Short-horn Cattle. 319 
approximately from Herefordshire to Lincolnshire till about the 
middle of the eighteenth century: the mixed Celtic and Roman 
races having been driven northwards and westwards. The modern 
representatives of the red race are the Hereford, Devon, Sussex, 
Norfolk, and Lincoln breeds. 
There was thus established a red race, holding the south of the 
island, and a black race with an admixture of white, holding the 
rest. 
Where the southern red race met the northern black and white 
races, there sprang up a new kind of cattle—the long-horn—which 
is now almost extinct, but which, at the middle of the eighteenth 
century, occupied some of the midland counties and pressed 
northwards on both sides of the Pennine range into south Lanca- 
shire and south-west Yorkshire. These cattle were a mixture 
possibly of all the three races; but they are not concerned in the 
present question. 
During the seventeenth century and part of the eighteenth, 
and also probably at a somewhat earlier period, many cattle 
were imported from Holland to the east of England, especially 
to Durham, York, and Lincoln. ‘hese cattle were red-and- 
white and black-and-white flecked. ‘l‘he red-and-whites were 
most appreciated, and eventually swamped the others. These red- 
and-white cattle were of the same race as the red cattle brought 
over a thousand years before by the Anglo-Saxons. 
Although the cattle of the south of England were called ‘ red,” 
they were not all entirely red any more than the black cattle now 
in Wales and Scotland are all entirely black. Notwithstanding 
a tendency on the part of breeders to breed it out, a patch of 
white on the under-line is not uncommon among the red breeds ; 
and the Herefords have white not only on the under-line, but also 
on the face and along the back. It is not probable that old 
Anglo-Saxon cattle were as highly flecked as the red-and-white 
cattle imported later from Holland. ‘The point is of no present 
importance, however. 
The earliest progenitors to which present-day short-horns can 
be clearly traced were white cattle belonging to the Aislabies 
of Studley Royal’ near Ripon, whose herd dated back to the 
1 Storer suggested that the Studley Royal herd ‘ originated from the cattle of 
the monks of Fountains Abbey close by.”’ 
