320 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. 
beginning of the eighteenth century. Studley Royal bulls were 
used by farmers in the neighbouring districts. 
Celtic blood was also introduced to the stream from which 
modern short-horns are descended; and at least two instances 
are on record, viz.: through Lady Maynard, calved in 1789, who 
was “‘ descended from a black cow with white belly and white legs 
to the knee”; and through Grandson of Bolingbroke, calved in 
1794, whose grandam was a “ red Galloway.” 
But the main stream consisted chiefly of Saxon cattle, more 
especially of the branch introduced from Holland in the seven- 
teenth and eighteenth centuries. It would not be safe to say that 
there were none of the old Anglo-Saxon red cattle near the birth- 
place of the short-horn in the eighteenth century; but, if they 
were there, they were in a minority. The whole of the recruits 
drawn in to the short-horn breed during the last hundred years 
have been drawn from the two branches of the Saxon race, 
although, perhaps, as time went on, the red branch has been drawn 
upon more eagerly. 
It happens among polygamous pure-bred stock that, in a few 
generations, unless it be specially eliminated, a progenitor’s blood 
runs in the veins of numerous descendants. An illustrious sire 
gets, perhaps, twenty sons; his sons again get three or four 
hundred ; these again get four or five thousand ; and so on until it 
may be difficult to find an animal which is not the illustrious sire’s 
descendant. ‘Thus at the present day there are not many short- 
horns which are not descended from Cruickshank’s Champion of 
England, born in 1860, and none which are not descended from 
Charles Colling’s Comet, born in 1805, and descended from Studley 
Royal stock and also from Lady Maynard. ‘Thus the blood of the 
old Studley Royal white cattie, of the old Saxon red and red-and- 
white cattle, and of the Northern black cattle flows in every short- 
horn alive to-day. But the black colour, if it can be said ever to 
have been bred within the breed, was soon bred out. It was 
unpopular even in the eighteenth century. Mendel’s law shows 
how easily a foreign colour or any other outward signs of a 
foreign cross may be bred out. 
Thus, in the matter of colour at any rate, the modern short-horn 
is descended from two races, the White Roman and the Red Saxon : 
the “red” including red, red with little white, and red-and-white. 
