1889.] Mr A. E. Shipley, On three species of destructive Beetles. 335 
afforded a clue to the question of the relation between the Chinese 
and Californian faunas. 
Further, it was held that the species (and of course, genera) 
common to N. America and Europe had migrated into America 
via E. Siberia and Alaska, i.e. from W. to E., and not from E. to W. 
The present distribution of Clausilia was instanced in illustration 
of this point. The relations of the genera of group (3) to Europe 
were then briefly discussed. 
The absence of land Operculates (with exceptions easily ex- 
plained) from N. America was-then considered. Operculates 
being of tropical origin, it was unlikely that they should have 
entered America via Siberia. The problem was, why had they 
not crept northward, like so many of the Pulmonata, from the 
focus of their maximum development, the W. Indies? The 
extreme variability of the climate even of the southern States of 
N. America, operating against migration, was alleged as one of 
the possible explanations of this difficult question. 
The Fresh Water Mollusca afforded strong evidence for a 
‘Holarctic’ province; a very large percentage of the fresh water 
Pulmonata found in Europe being common to N. America. The 
relative migratory capacities of land and fresh-water Mollusca 
were then discussed, the result showing a large balance in favour 
of the latter, only 5 per cent. of the species of land Pulmonata, 
as against 26 per cent. of the fresh water species, being common 
to Europe and N. America. 
(2) On Lethrus cephalotes, Rhynchites betuleti and Chae- 
tocnema basalis, three species of destructive beetles. (Plate III.) 
By Arruur E. Surprey, M.A., Christ’s College. 
I. Lethrus cephalotes. 
THis beetle has caused much damage to the vines in Bul- 
garia, especially in the neighbourhood of Varna, during the spring 
and summer of 1888. I am indebted, for the specimens from 
which the figures are made and for some information with regard 
to the habits of the beetle, to Mr A. G. Brophy, Her Majesty’s 
Vice-Consul at Varna. 
The beetle (fig. 1) belongs to the Geotrupinae, and is allied 
to our common Dung beetles, which it resembles in its general 
appearance. 
The colour is a dull black, and the surface of the elytra is 
finely punctate, the punctures being arranged in Jongitudinal 
rows. The head is large and hexagonal, it projects far forward 
from under the prothorax, and is a little longer than the pro- 
thorax, measuring in an antero-posterior direction. The eyes 
