Knowles — The Maritime and Marine Lichens of Hoivth. 93 



much compressed, repeatedly branelied in a more or less dichotomous 

 fashion, and the tips of the branches are all elegantly incurved. In 

 situations where the conditions are damper, the thallus of the older plants 

 is densely csespitose with the branches often interlaced. RamaUna C. is 

 occasionally fertile. Sward-like growths of young plants are sometimes 

 found in the neiglibourhood of the fertile specimens. The individuals are 

 of all sizes, and are of a paler colour. From the very earliest stages they 

 show the forked branching and curled tips characteristic of the upper 

 Ramalinas, the incurved tips of the fronds often resembling the terminal 

 branches of a Ceramium shoot. Whether tiiese young growtlis are sporelings 

 or merely of vegetative origin I Jiave not been able to determine. They are 

 not confined to the vicinity of the fertile plants, but are frequently seen 

 amongst the barren growths or springing from the attachment areas of the 

 older plants. 



JRiima/hia C. is found in all the sheltered bays between Drumleck Point 

 and the Baily Lighthouse. It is most usual on the eastern sides of the 

 cliffs ; but at Glenaveena it frequently occurs on the sheltered and shaded 

 land-faces of the shore-rocks, many of which carry good growths of H. 

 scopulorum on their tops and on their sea-faces. On the east coast Ramalina C. 

 is the general form, and is found chiefly on the low rocks that jut out from the 

 grassy sward, the fronds being larger and sometimes fertile where the rocks 

 are sheltered by the grass and bracken. In drier and less protected situations 

 the plants are usually small and poorly developed. 



The attachments of the upper Ramalinas vary somewhat in the different 

 forms. In Ramalina A. and Ramalina G. there is often a continuous 

 orustaceous substratum from which the fronds spring in tufts or singly. In 

 Ramalina B. the individual plants are isolated or occur in small groups, and 

 frequently consist of little more than the small orustaceous attachments. 

 Some very fine colonies of Ramalina A. are to be seen on the boundary-stones 

 vyhich stand about 25 feet above sea-level on the edge of the grassy bank near 

 the Martello Tower, Sutton. These pillars are made of granite — a rook foreign 

 to the neighbourhood — and must have beeu completely bare of lichen growths 

 ■when they were put up about 1811 during the scare about a Napoleonic 

 invasion. Their surface is now almost entirely covered with a close sward of 

 Ramalina A. So densely are the tufts growing on the surface that they seem 

 to arise from a continuous orustaceous substratum. Along the periphery of 

 the very few small bare spaces left, this orustaceous thallus can be seen 

 encroaching on the uncovered rock, with here and there small masses of 

 compact thalline granules just beginning to put forth the upright fronds. 

 These granules are corticate on the upper surface and contain gonidia. From 



