COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS. 97 



beaded line and touching it. Colour of body is glaucous-green, lightest in 

 the spiracular region, with a beaded, white, subspiracular line running from 

 hinder margin of segment 13 to the head where it ends at the base of the 

 jaws ; the lower half of the leads on this subspiracular line is orange, except 

 on segment 3 where it is blue ; through each one of the transverse tubercles 

 (each row of such reaching down to spiracular line on each side) runs a short, 

 longitudinal, purple line, limited at each end by the impressed, transverse 

 lines between which the tubercle stands, this purplish line splitting to let the 

 tubercle in ; ventrum and legs, also prolegs, watery green. L : 47 mm ; B at 

 segment 3 : nearly 8 mm ; B of head : 3 mm ; the height is greatest at seg- 

 ment 3. 



Pupa — (PI. I, fig. 19a.) — The shape is that of Catopsilia. The thorax is inclin- 

 ed at a very wide angle to that of abdomen in the dorsal line ; ventrally the 

 wing-bulge is not specially great, the anterior side of it (in the ventral, 

 central line) is at right angles to the posterior side, the two joining each other 

 in a curve ; the head-snout is conical) at its base, cylindrical in its upper 

 portion, slightly turned up at the point, with a very rugose surface. Wing 

 cases slightly expanded laterally along dorsal wing-margin, diverging 

 slightly one from the other from shoulders backwards so that the pupa is 

 broader at middle than at shoulders ; dorsal constriction behind thorax 

 slight, laterally also ; shoulders prominent, the pupa being much broader 

 there than at segment 2. Cremaster longly triangular, strong, distinctly 

 bifid at extremity ; the extensor-ridges rugose, strong and ventral. Surface 

 glabrous, very finely, transversely rugose under a magnifying glass, the 

 impressed lines irregular. Spiracles of segment 2 hardly indicated ; the rest 

 longly oval, somewhat raised, yellow in colour. Colour of the pupa is dark 

 yellowish-green ; back purple as well as a lateral band on head, a large 

 dorsal spot on segments 4, 5, 9 ; the dorsal margin of wings from the 

 shoulders to segment 7 light brown ; surface of wings mottled sparsely 

 brown-purple ; eyes with a semicircular, black, anterior margin. L : 37'5 mm 

 B : 9"4 mm at shoulders ; H at wing-bulge : 12-6 mm. 



Habits. — The egg is laid, always singly, on the iipperside of a leaf, 

 an old leaf being generally preferred and one close to the ground 

 mostly. The little larva betakes itself at once, after eating the egg- 

 shell, to the base of the leaf where it lies along the midrib with its 

 head towards the point, covering the part where it lies with a good 

 carpet of shining white silk ; this bed it enlarges as it grows and 

 often sticks to the same leaf for several stages of its growth. It 

 never eats the bed-leaf but wanders off to the tips of branches in 

 search of its food where it can get tender leaves to eat ; it eats mostly 

 in the evenings and mornings and probably at night-time, lying quiet 

 during the day-time and often well hidden in amongst the foliage 

 near the base of the plant. Once the larva is full grown it is not 

 difficult to find as it is so big ; there are often two or three on a single 

 plant but as this may be extremely extensive, it is often not easy to 

 find them. The pupation generally takes place on one of the leaves 

 of the foodplant and the chrysalis is always strung from the under- 

 side of a leaf well hidden near the ground or close to the stem. 

 The method of suspension is the same as that of CatoiJsilia with a 

 strong tail-fixing and a moderately close body-loop. The larva is 

 not a particularly fast grower. Its position on a leaf is generally 

 13 



