THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 391 



Key to Subspecies of lougnax. 



A — Upper plumage very dark and boldly marked 

 with black. 



a. A rufous nuchal collar on female. 



a^ Wing about 3-05" ... piujnax. tS 

 W- Wing about 3-30" ... pugnax. 2 



b. No rufous collar. 



(0- Upper plumage marked with 

 rich rufous red. 

 c2 Wing about 3-10" ... cdrogularis. ^ 

 dp' Wing about 3-45" ... atrogularis. $ 

 h^ Upper plumage equally dark 

 but duller and with a paler 

 rufous, less in extent. 



e2 Wing about 3-20" ... j)lumhipes. c? 

 /2 Wing about 3-50" ... iMmbi'pes . 2 

 B. — Upper plumage pale, a pale bright rufous red 

 or isabelline predominating over the black. 



/ Wing about 3-0" ... taijocrr. ^ 

 h^ Wing about 3- 25" ... taijoor. 2 

 The above key is admittedly a weak one, but this must always be 

 the case when dealing with su.b-species, the differences between 

 which consist almost entirely in depth and intensity of colouring. 

 Extreme types when placed close together bear but little resem- 

 blance to one another, but all sub-species intergrade on the confines 

 of their habitat, and it is then extremely difficult to say to which 

 sub-species they belong. 



TuRNix PUGNAX PUGNAX (Temm.). 

 The Ceylon Bustard Quail. 



Hemipodius pugnax. — Temm., Pig. et Gall, iii, p. 612, 754, 

 (1815) (Java). 



Titrnix taijoor. — Jerdon, B. of I., iii, p. 595 (part) ; Hume and 

 Marsh., Game B., ii, p. 169 (part) ; Legge, B. of Cey., iii, p. 361 ; 

 Gates in Hume's Nests and Eggs, 2nd ed., iii, p. 367 (part) ; Ogilvie- 

 Grant, Cat., B. M. xxii, p. 530 (part) ; A. L. Butler, J. B. N. H. S., 

 X, p. oio. 



T-urnix pugnax. — Sharpe, Hand-List i, p. 48 (part) ; Gates, Cat. 

 Eggs, B. M., i, p. 69 (part) ; Ggilvie-Grant, Game B., i, p. 265 ; 

 Blanford, Avifauna, B. I., iv, p. 150 (part). 



Vernacular names. — Kadai (Ceylonese Tamils) Waltuwa, Pundura- 

 Waltuwa, Bola-Waltuwa (Cinghalese). 



Description, adult female. — Upper plumage dull, rufou.s-red to 

 dark, rather brownish grey, the head is usually a trifle darker^ than 

 the other parts, whilst the rump and tail coverts may be slightly 

 paler; feathers of the crown in the centre tipped white, often 



