A REVIEW OF THE INDIAN SWANS. 455 



Oygnus cygnus (Linn.). 



The Whoojyer. 



Anas cyqnus. — Linn. Syst. Nat. 1, p. 122 (1758); ibid, 1, p. 194 

 (1766); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii, p. 893 (1790). 



Cygnus ferus. — Briss. Orn. vi, p. 292; pi. xxviii (1760) ; Cygnus 

 musicus, Bechstein, Gem. natxirg. Vog. Detitschl. iii, p. 830. pi. 35 

 (1809); G. E. Gray, Oat. Mamm, etc. Coll. Hodgs. 1846, p. 144; 

 Brooks, P. A. S. B., 1872, p. 63 ; Htime, Str. Feath. vii, pp. 106, 

 107, 464; viii, p. 114 ;w^. Cat. No. 944 quat. Hume & Marsh. 

 Game B. Ind. iii, p. 47. Plate (1880) ; Salvadori, Cat. B. M. 

 xxvii, p. 27 (1895); Sttiart Baker, J. B. N. H. S. xl, p. ii (1897); 

 Blanford, ihid, p. 306 (1898) ; Aitken, ibid, xiii, p. 362; Crerar, 

 ibid, XV, p. 716 (1903); Gumming, ibid, xvi, p. 697; Makin, Ibis, 

 1906, p. 398; Annandale, ibid, p. 612; Bnttirlin, ibid, p. 737; 

 Thomson, ibid, 1907, p. 511 ; Buturlin, ibid, p. 651 ; Stuart Baker: 

 "Indian Ducks and their Allies," p. 12 (1908); id, J. B. N. H. S. 

 xviii, p. 754 (1908); id, ibid, xxi, p. 274 (1911). 



Cygnus beivicki. — Hume & Marsh. Game B. Ind. iii, p. 51 (in 

 err.) (1880); Stuart Baker, J. B. N. H. S. xi, p. 14 (in err.) 

 (1897); Salvadori, Cat. B. M. xxvii, p. 29 (1895) ; (part specimen 

 "M.") 



Cygnus cygnus. — Sharpe Hand.-L. 1. p. 207. 



Description. — Cygnus cygnus can be discriminated from the other 

 swans which have yellow lores by its much greater size when adult, 

 the wing being never under 22-5" (570 mm.) and generally 

 a good deal more. The bill is not only actually, but is also com- 

 paratively longer in adult birds, being very seldom as little as 

 3-9" (100 mm.) and generally well over 4" (102 mm.). In 

 shape also it differs greatly, the upper outline running almost 

 straight from the tip to the base at forehead, which is, comparative- 

 ly, not nearly so deep as in heivicld. In colouration the yellow on 

 the base of the bill in the " Whooper " extends right down to the 

 upper corner of the nostril and open beyond this ; the outline 

 between the yellow and black is generally very ragged, the colours 

 running into one another though not fusing into an intermediate 

 tint. 



The serrations in the upper mandible in the closed bill are not 

 visible when looked at from one side. 



Occurrences in India. — (1) Head and feet now in the British 

 Museum ; obtained in Nepal by Hodgson, 1829. (2) Head and feet 

 in the Bombay Natural History Society's Museum, shot by General 

 Osborn on the Beas Eiver, Punjab, 6th January 1900. (3) A skin 

 in the same Museum presented by Mr. J. Crerar and shot by him 

 in Larkhana District, Sind, on the 31st January 1904. (4 & 5) 

 Two heads in the Bombay Museum presented by Col. Magrath and 



