MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 461 



Capital of the old Kingdom of Burma between 1856 and 1885. 

 The old City, now known as Fort DufFerin, forms part of the 

 Cantonment. With the exception of Mandalay Hill, the country 

 is flat. The trees round the City, which have been planted, consist 

 of Tamarinds, Mangoes, Figs and other shade trees. 



Mingun, a village containing many ruins, on the West bank of 

 the Irrawady, about 11 miles above Mandalay, in the Sagaing 

 District. Along the bank of the river is a narrow populated strip 

 of flat country, thickly studded with Tamarinds, Mango and Fig 

 Trees, Cocoanut Palms and Plantain Gardens. Behind this is a 

 range of hills rising to above 1,000 feet covered with thick low 

 scrub. 



Kyouk Myoung, on the West bank of the Irrawady, in Shwebo 

 District, about 45 miles above Mandalay. The rainfall is rather 

 heavier here than round Mandalay and the typical scrub is higher 

 and thicker. The banks rise slightly from the river, but there are 

 no hills, the whole country being flat or undulating and largely 

 under rice cultivation. A few Hog Deer and Thamin are said to 

 occur in the neighboarhood. Blanford notes that this place was 

 visited by Fea. 



Ngapyinin, a small village, exactly opposite the last, on the East 

 bank of the river. The country difiers from that on the West bank 

 in being more hilly and broken. The jungle also is much higher 

 and contains patches of bamboos. Except along the bank of the 

 river there is no cultivation. Tsaine and Porcupines were 

 observed in the district. 



Mount Popa. — An extinct volcano, 4,962 feet in height, rising 

 abruptly out of the plain and surrounded by dry, open country for 

 at least 50 miles in every direction. Situated in 20° 56' North by 

 95 °16' East, in Myingyan District, in the centre of one of the most 

 arid parts of the Dry Zone. The mountain is more or less conical, 

 its summit being covered with grass. The upper slopes and inside 

 of the Crater clothed partly with temperate evergreen Forest, and 

 partly with Cardens, which are replaced on the lower slopes by dry 

 deciduous forest mixed with bamboos. On account of its height 

 Mt. Popa catches a heavy rainfall, so that the Climate and Vegeta- 

 tion are quite distinct from those of the surrounding country. 

 According to the Gazetteer (1908) barely 50 years have elapsed 

 since Elephants, Rhinoceros, Sambhar and Tigers occurred in the 

 Forests of Mount Popa, but they have now entirely disappeared. 

 Serow have been shot more recently, but the local villagers state 

 that none have been seen for some years. In the evergreen forests 

 on the higher slopes the trees are covered with thick moss, ferns 

 and orchids, while in places the ground is carpeted with bracken 

 and masses of pink and white balsam, over which were seen hover- 

 ing numbers of black and yellow Ornithopisra. The principal 



