VARIATIONS OF GLACIERS 155 
Greenland.— Steenstrup and Drygalski have both concluded 
from their observations, that the great cold of winter greatly 
reduces the velocity of motion df the smaller glaciers, but that 
the large glaciers, nourished by the inland ice, are very little 
affected by the seasons. Drygalski has found a velocity of 
twenty meters per day in the great Karajak glacier. The Asakak 
glacier on the Nugsuak Peninsula has been observed at intervals 
for fifty years. It retreated nearly a kilometer between 1849 and 
1879, and has since then advanced even more. The Sermiarsut 
glacier no longer reaches tide water as it formerly did, but the 
other small glaciers of this region show no marked changes. 
The Blase Dale glaciers on the island of Disco, have continued 
to retreat since the visit of Professor Chamberlin in 1894." 
Canada.— The Upper Bow glacier is slowly advancing, but it 
has not yet reached the extent indicated by former moraines. 
Freshfield glacier was advancing in 1897, plowing up the débris 
in front. Stutfield glacier has been covered with débris by great 
avalanches, and the melting has thus been retarded. Asa result 
the ice is advancing down the valley and is now in the midst of 
the forest. It is at least a half mile beyond its former limits. 
The Illecellewaet glacier has retreated 100 to 150 meters since 
1888, and probably 200 meters within the present century. 
Fitmalaya.— The Yarsching glacier apparently retreated 
between 1850 and 1870, at which latter date it was advancing. 
It seems to be advancing at present and may block up the valley 
above it, and cause inundations as it has done before. 
Africa.— Dr. Hans Meyer visited the cone of Kibo, the 
highest point of Kilimanjaro, in 1898 and described the extent 
of its glaciers. The summit is about 6000 meters high, and the 
ice streams down on all sides. On the northern and eastern 
sides the winds are dry, and the glaciers only descend a few 
hundred meters; whereas on the southern and southwestern 
sides, the winds are moist and one glacier descends as much as 
2000 meters from the summit. There has beena distinct retreat 
since Dr. Meyer’s visit in 1889. Dr. Meyer has also discovered 
* Report of Dr. Steenstrup. 
