422 FRANK BURSLEY TAYLOR 
inac straits chiefly with the object of tracing the old shore lines. 
Incidentally, however, much information was gathered concern- 
ing the terminal moraines which lie in the same area. Their 
development and relations were found to be for the most part 
very simple. Between Mackinac straits and Toledo, Ohio, five 
moraines were found arranged in consecutive order or in series, 
and the series is regarded as complete within this interval. The 
work of the past season brought the moraines of Michigan into 
connection with those of Ohio and Indiana where their relations 
had been worked out by earlier observers—by G. K. Gilbert 
and N. H. Winchell in northwestern Ohio, by C. R. Dryer in 
northeastern Indiana, and by F. Leverett in western and south- 
western Ohio.' 
According to Mr. Leverett and Professor Chamberlin the 
drift of the Wisconsin glacial epoch extends down into south- 
western Ohio nearly to Cincinnati.? Near this place its farthest 
limit is marked by a terminal moraine, and from this there is a 
series of moraines extending northward to the Maumee valley. 
Numbering the moraines up from the south the one that passes 
through Defiance is the tenth. By the work of the several 
observers mentioned, the whole interval from Cincinnati to the 
Straits of Mackinac has been explored, and the sum of the ter- 
minal moraines in the whole series is fifteen. And further, not 
*GILBERT in the reports of the Geological Survey of Ohio, Vol. I, 1871, chap. xxi, 
Pp: 357. WINCHELL in Proc. A. A. A. S., Vol. XXI, 1872, pp. 171-179; Geological Sur- 
vey of Ohio, Vol. II, 1874, pp. 56, 431-433. DRYER in the 16th, 17th and 18th reports 
of the State Geologist of Indiana, 1888 to 1894. LEVERETT in Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. 
XLIII, 1892, pp. 281-297; Jour. GEOL., Vol. I, No. 2, 1893, pp. 129-146. 
?Mr. LEVERETT speaks of this as “the later drift.” (Jour. GEOL., Vol. I, No. 
2, p. 138.) PROFESSOR CHAMBERLIN afterwards applied the name “ East-Wisconsin 
formation” to this drift, and the same is now known as the “ Wisconsin formation.” 
(GEIKIE’s “Great Ice Age,” 1894, p. 763 and map opposite p. 727. Also in Jour. 
GEOL., Vol. III, No. 3, pp. 270 and 275.) PROFESSOR CHAMBERLIN recognizes, 
with a reservation of doubt, a division of the moraines of the Wisconsin formation 
into “earlier” and “later” groups. (“Great Ice Age,” pp. 763-764.) But this 
division would make very little difference in the conclusions reached here. For in the 
Miami valley the first moraine north of Cincinnati is the only one belonging to the 
earlier group. All the rest of the series northward to Mackinac belong to the later 
group and are therefore a consecutive series in time. 
