MORAINES OF RECESSION 425 
the direction of flow and shaped the lobes. The intervals 
between the moraines show some irregularity, but on a close 
study of the relief of the region, with due allowance for its influ- 
ence upon the ice-motion, it seems clear that if the uneven 
features of the land surface had been wholly absent the moraine 
series would have been perfectly regular, either with equal inter- 
vals or intervals showing a regular order of variation. 
VALUE OF THE CINCINNATI-MACKINAC MORAINE SERIES AS A BASIS 
OF INTERPRETATION. 
So far as known to the writer there is no other glaciated area 
of like extent where a moraine series is found so simple and 
complete as that between Cincinnati and Mackinac. Similar 
moraine series are known in many other places—most notably 
in the adjacent areas of the Sciota Valley in Ohio, in south- 
western Michigan and northwestern Indiana, and in Illinois, Iowa, 
Minnesota and the Dakotas, but in none of these regions are 
the phenomena of equal simplicity or completeness. A few 
moraines in series are known in the eastern states and New Eng- 
land, and a few also in Europe, but in all these regions they fall 
far short in comparison. The series of moraines extending 
northeastward from Defiance to Rochester, N. Y., may ultimately 
prove to be as good as that extending to Mackinac, but at the 
present time it appears to be incomplete. Eastward from Cleve- 
land especially the lower moraines are closely packed on the 
steep northward slope. In the Dakota-Minnesota series Mr. 
Upham finds twelve moraines,’ but it is perhaps somewhat doubt- 
ful, as was recently pointed out by Professor Todd, whether all 
these moraines are in one series.2. In Illinois, western Indiana 
and southwestern Michigan, Mr. Leverett finds a number of 
moraines in series, but there are overlaps in the area, and in Il1- 
nois, especially, the individuals join and separate so often, form- 
™The Glacial Lake Agassiz,’ by WARREN UPHAM; Monograph XXV, U. S. 
Geological Survey, 1896, pp. 139-141. Also, Twenty-second Ann. Rept. Minn. Geol. 
Survey, Part III, 1894, p. 45. 
2“ A Revision of the Moraines of Minnesota,” by J. E. Topp. Abstract in Am. 
Geol. for October, 1896, p. 225. 
