98 THE ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA. 



arranged papillae, rarely with small chitinous pieces but never with true jaws. 



The phyllodocids proper are mostly essentially littoral animals occurring 

 in and near the tidal zone under stones, on the mussel beds, on rock or in fissures 

 in the same, in the laminarian region and similar places. In some regions they 

 are particularly abundant at moderate depths of from eight to twelve fathoms 

 on bottoms covered by shells bored or disintegrated by Clione, (see Gravier, 

 Recherches sur les phyllodociens. Bull, scient., 1896, 29, p. 305). The Chal- 

 lenger secured a specimen from the considerable depth of five hundred fathoms 

 which Mcintosh identifies as Genetyllis oculata. The phyllodocids are very 

 active, not only moving about freely over solid surfaces but also swimming with 

 ease and grace, an activity in which the expanded foliaceous cirri play an im- 

 portant role. 



Some forms, too, are normally pelagic, such as particularly the species of 

 Pelagobia, Lopadorrhynchus, Prolopadorhynchus, Pedinosoma, Maupasia, and 

 Haliplanes and also the two new genera Nans and Mastigethus. These forms 

 are included by Reibisch (Die pelag. phyllodociden u. typhloscoleciden, Ergebn. 

 Atlant. Ocean * * * Plankton exped., 2, N. c, p. 18) in Claparede's subfamily 

 group Lopadorhynchidae (properly Lopadorrhynchinae) against which he 

 places a subfamily Phyllodocidae (Phyllodocinae) sens, str., which groups at 

 present seem artificial. The pelagic genera mentioned embrace species color- 

 less and transparent and for the most part small, most not exceeding 10 mm. in 

 length, though some may rarely reach 40 mm. Most are less than 5 mm. long. 

 Unlike the pelagic alciopids these forms do not show a special increase in the size 

 of the eyes, these being, on the contrary, reduced or absent; but in possible com- 

 pensation the tentacular cirri are often especially strongly developed. The 

 setae for the most part are exceptionally fine and long. The epitokous forms of 

 certain species of which the atokous forms are littoral are pelagic and show 

 corresponding adaptive modifications. The females of these pelagic epitokous 

 forms approach the shore to lay their eggs, these being deposited on Algae, 

 stones, etc. 



The pelagic forms are ordinarily colorless, while the httoral forms are 

 among the most brilliantly and variously colored of annehds; and it is note- 

 worthy that the colors of those from deeper waters are of the same character. 



The phyllodocids are boldly carnivorous. Gravier {op. cit., 1896, p. 306) 

 notes having found in their alimentary tracts the setae and other debris of 

 various other annelids, including terebelhds, spionids, sabellariids, syllids, and 

 others, in addition to those of their own kind, which they attack and rend by 



