80 Scientific Proceedings, Royal Dublin Society. 
occiput to the extremity of the nasals, 12 inches; length of nasals 
5-2 inches; muzzle at the distal extremity of the nasals, 34 
inches; breadth of occiput, 3°38 inches between superorbital 
foramina 3°4 inches; between occipital condyles, 0:12 inches. 
Length of mandible to symphysis is 10°14 inches. 
The cranium of the Reindeer is easily differentiated from that 
of the red or fallow deers as follows:—By (a.) prominent 
bulging at the nasal and maxillary union; (b.) nasals are broad 
at the proximal ends and flattened throughout ; (c.) lachrymal pit 
deepest superiorly and shallows forward; (d.) the anterior or 
orbital border of the malar forms a sharp tectiform boundary 
which dividesthelacrymo-malar suture and producesa rapid incline 
posteriorly, or rather a hollow very apparent in the live animal, 
In this particular the condition is more pronounced than in either 
the red or fallow deer, or even in the Irish Elk, more especially 
when taken in conjunction with the bulging of the maxille 
above stated. There is also a marked depression midway 
between the supra-orbital foramina. The pedicles as usually very 
short; posterior nasal opening is in a line with the middle of the 
first true molar, as in the Red Deer, and not the second true 
as in the Fallow and Irish Elk. 
The palatal notch is narrower than in the Red Deer and different 
from that in the Irish Elk and Fallow, which agree in that 
respect as indeed in their osteological characters generally. The 
maxillary foramina are very large in comparison with any of the 
above, and the angle of the mandible is protuberant as in the Irish 
Elk. 
As compared with crania of recent reindeer, this specimen 
represents a full-grown male, and like all the others, its horns par- 
take of the characters of the Norwegian rather than the Siberian 
stock or variety. 
The dimensions of the upper and lower molars are as follows 
(in millimetres) :— 
Upper (2), 15 x 14 (3), 15x 15 (4), 19x13 (5) 20x15 (6), 18x 16. 
Lower (1), 11x8 (2), 16x11 (3), 17x13 (4), 19x10 (5), 20x13 
(6), 25 x 12. 
These compared with the dentition of the recent species and 
fossil reindeer from English caverns show unimportant differences 
as to size and configuration of their odontograms, as indicated by 
