On the Articulation of the Human Voice 157 
sequence of the different organs and mechanism employed to 
produce them. 
For if, instead of eb—be, we say eb—te, the diagram becomes 
Lace shih 
in which the sub-pause and re-action of eb stands separate from 
the pre-pause and positive action of the following t. 
The effects above described are formed in all the sudden con- 
sonant actions P, B, T, D, K, G (hard), and also in the nasals 
M and N, in the sounding of which letters some of the pneumatic 
pressure passes off through the nose, and the diagrams are less in 
height. 
In the letters which may be termed “ Pnewmonics,” such as 
F, V,S, Z, &c., the same pauses occur in the vowel sound; but 
the escape of air during the pauses, which is the characteristic of 
these letters, renders the action less evident in the Logograph. 
The first three classes of consonant action which attract atten- 
tion are :— 
1st. Those made or controlled by the lips, called labials. 
2nd. Those made by the front part of the tongue, called lin- 
guals. 
3rd. Those made by the back part of the tongue, called gut- 
turals. 
They may be put in the following order :— 
Labials. Linguals. Gutturals. 
Percussive | Elap ms i ie 
. Flat. B D G (hard) 
aren ic. { Sharp F Th (as in think) 
Flat V Th (as in this) 
Nasal M N Ng or nasal g 
The rough R is a vibratory movement of the tongue, produced 
not by muscular action, but by passing a current of air past the 
tongue in such a manner as to cause it to vibrate like the reed of 
a clarionette. 
This action can be kept up as long as a current of sufficient 
force can be maintained, and it operates as strongly in whisper- 
ing as in speaking, 
* The letters wanting to complete this list are the pneumonic linguals L and R, which 
are considered separately below, and the pneumonic gutturals, which are absent from the 
English language, though heard in the German, modern Greck, Keltic, and other lan- 
guages. 
