On the Coal Fields and Coal Production of India. 519 
The following assays will serve to convey some idea of the 
quality of the coals :— 
Warora. Pisgaon. Ghugus.* 
Fixed Carbon, : 45-4 : 65:1 - 45-61 
Volatile Combustible, . 26°5 \ 19-2 ; 33-49 
Water, : : 13°9 
Ash, : A 14:2 : 15°7 ; 20:90 
In Mr. Hughes’ “ Memoir,” assays of samples from other 
localities are also given. 
The Warora coal is deficient in fixed carbon, a larger per-centage 
of which is essential where great heating power is required. It 
also is deficient in combustible volatile gases. Pisgaon coal, 
however, contains a more considerable proportion of fixed carbon, 
viz., 65:1 per cent. 
The only pits in this wide area, which are worked, are at 
Warora, where the out-turn was, in 1878, 1,500 tons per week. 
The great outlay by the Government in connexion with the ex- 
ploration and testing of the field+ has not yet been nearly repaid, 
the cost of extraction being heavy. 
A special branch line conveys the Wardha coal to the Nagpur 
branch of the great Indian peninsular railway, by means of which 
it is distributed both for use on this line and in factories. 
Several other small areas of coal-bearing rocks occur further 
down the course of the Godaveri valley at Dumagudium, Muda- 
varam, &e., &e., to which much interest has attached, as it was 
hoped that they might yield a supply of coal for the Madras 
Presidency, but the prospect of their doing so does not appear to 
be a good one. 
XXIX.—KaAMARAM.t 
This name has been given to two small tields situated near the 
village of Kamaram, which lies forty miles a little north of east 
from Warangul in the Hyderabad territory. 
The larger one is six miles long, by about one mile broad ; 
it consists of Talchir, Barakar, and Kamthi rocks. It in- 
cludes two coal seams of fair coal, measuring respectively 
9 feet and 6 feet. The available coal is estimated at 2,265,120+ 
* Average of sixteen assays. 
+ £600,000 is stated to have been already =n at Warora alone at the time Mr. 
Hughes’ report was printed. 
} King, “‘ Records Geological Survey of India,” Vol. V., p. 50. ‘‘Manual,” Vol. L., 
p- 240. 
