130 THE JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY. 



acterized by Populiis tremula, and this again by a Pinus sylvestris 

 flora. 



Above the layer with Pinus comes a new one with oak and 

 finally the surface stratum with recent forest trees. Now in the 

 peats of deuteroglaciated Norway and Sweden we always find the 

 oak layer on the bottom (with a layer of pine and birch above), 

 which shows, without doubt, that the preceding vegetations in 

 Denmark and Scania must be interglacial. To judge from the 

 aspen and pine forests it might be concluded that the inter- 

 glacial climate in Scandinavia was somewhat colder than the 

 present, but the melting of the ice may have required a higher 

 temperature and the fossils from layers between the two 

 bottom moraines in the Baltic countries bear a rather southern 

 stamp. 



We come to more reliable ground when we advance to the last 

 great glaciation in the deutero glacial period. Again the snow 

 gathered on the high mountain plateaus, again glaciers pushed 

 forward towards the lower ground accompanied by a severe climate. 

 But the glaciers this time were met almost at the watershed by the 

 deep proteroglacial fjords which necessarily must put an end to 

 their advance westward. The continuous western ice margin 

 could not reach beyond the fjord heads. To the east, however, 

 the way was free for the growing inland ice. The consequence 

 of this was that the ice sheet divide crept eastwards and reached 

 a line up to 130 kilometers southeast of the land watershed. 

 Here at last the resistance to the glacier motion was alike on 

 both sides of it. We therefore find the boulders in detiteroglacial time 

 — in contrast to the distribution in proteroglacial time- — trans- 

 ported across the watershed from lower ground in southeastern central 

 parts up hundreds of meters to the divide and borne on as far 

 west as the deuteroglacial ice and its icebergs went. 



To the west we find the ice margin determinated by the fjords, 

 to the east it pushed forward out to the coast line by Skagerak. 

 We find its margin, as in the case of the deuteroglacial ice in North 

 America, marked by a long terminal moraine — raerne — from 

 Arendal to the Kristiania fjord and thence to southeastern Sweden. 



