384 IHE JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY. 



valleys, attest for the northern two-thirds of North America 

 such late Tertiary and Quaternary epeirogenic uplift at least 

 2,000 to 3,000 feet above the present height of this continent ; 

 for the British Isles, Scandinavia, and probably the greater part 

 of Europe, an uplift 1,000 to 4,000 feet higher than now ; and 

 for the western side of Africa within a few degrees both north 

 and south of the equator, 3,000 to 6,000 feet/ Attending the 

 subsidence of these areas, greatly increased altitudes have been 

 given by folding, rifts, and upthrusts, to large portions of the 

 highest mountain systems of the world, as the Alp-Himalayan 

 and Andes-Cordilleran belts. "" The most recent of all mountains, 

 excepting volcanic cones, probably is the lofty St. Elias range, 

 according to Russell's observations ; and the belt in which this is 

 a part has an extent of two-thirds of the circumference of the 

 globe, from Cape Horn to Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, Kamt- 

 chatka, the Kuriles, Japan, and the Philippine islands, intersect- 

 ing the eastern part of the Alp- Himalayan belt near Krakatoa, 

 in the earth's most volcanic and seismic district. 



The drift-bearing areas in North America, in Europe, and in 

 Patagonia, which at the end of their epoch of gradual elevation 

 and fjord erosion had become deeply covered by land-ice, sank 

 under its weight until when the ice melted away they mainly 

 stood somewhat lower than now. The shores of the sea at that 

 time in the St. Lawrence and Ottawa valleys, in the basin of 

 lake Champlain, and about Hudson bay, have been again uplifted, 



^J. W. Spencer, Bulletin, Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. 1., 1890, pp. 65-70 (also in the 

 Gaol. Magazine, III., Vol. 7, 1890, pp. 208-212). J. D. Dana, Am. Jour. Sci., III., 

 Vol. 40, pp. 425-437, Dec, 1890, with an excellent map of the Hudson submarine 

 valley and fjord. G. Davidson, Bulletin of the California Academy of Sciences, Vol. 

 2, 1887, pp. 265-268. T. F. Jamieson, Geol. Mag., III., Vol. 8, pp. 387-392, Sept., 

 1891. J. Y. Buchanan, Scottish Geographical Magazme, Vol. 3, 1887, pp. 217-238. 



^H. B. Medlicott and W. T. Blanford, Manual of the Geology of India, 

 Calcutta, 1879, Part I., pp. Ivi, 372; Part II., pp. 569-571, 667-669, 672-681. 

 j. Le Conte, Am. Jour. Sci., III., Vol. 32, pp. 167-181, Sept. 1886; Bulletin, Geol. 

 Soc. Am., Vol. 2, 1891, pp. 323-330 ; Elements of Geology, third edition, 1891, pp. 

 250-266, 589. J. S. Diller, Eighth An. Rep., U. S. Geol. Survey, for 1886-87, pp. 

 426-432; Journal of Geology, Vol. 2, pp. 32-54, Jan.-Feb., 1894. I. C. Russell, 

 National Geographic Magazine, Vol. 3, 1891, pp. 172, 173. W. Upham, Appalachia, 

 Vol. 6, 1891, pp. 191-207 (also in Pop. Sci. Monthly, Vol. 39, pp. 665-678, Sept. 1891). 



