48 C. H. HITCHCOCK 
found to be very much alike. The surveys more or less coeval 
with that of New Hampshire, 1868 to 1878, were the following: 
Canada, where the directorship was transferred from Sir W. E. 
Logan to A. R. C. Selwyn in 1870; the geographical and geo- 
logical work in the territories under F. V. Hayden extending 
from 1867 to 1878; the fortieth parallel survey under Clarence 
King, 1867 to 1880; the Wisconsin survey, T. C. Chamberlin, 
1873 to 1879; the Michigan survey, 1869 to 1876, under 
Rominger, Brooks and Pumpelly, and the Ohio survey under 
Newberry, 1869 to 1878. The second geological survey of 
Pennsylvania began in 1874, and that of Minnesota in 1872. It 
was an honor to any geologist to have been a contemporary 
worker with the gentlemen who directed these several surveys. 
But the style of work in vogue then should not be expected to 
equal that which is being executed in the nineties, with the 
multitudinous facilities of the later period. 
The new methods of petrographic study were first exempli- 
fied in these surveys by the report of Ferdinand Zirkel upon 
Microscopical Petrography for the Fortieth Parallel organization 
in 1876, and by Dr. G. W. Hawes upon the Mineralogy and 
Lithology of New Hampshire in 1878. Both of these treatises 
were models in their way, and were carefully studied by workers 
in this field for many years. Mineralogists not connected with 
surveys engaged in corresponding studies even earlier. Dr. 
Hawes continued his investigations into some of the New Hamp- 
shire rocks after the publication of his report, as is evidenced by 
his descriptions of the contact phenomena between the Albany 
granite and mica schist upon Mount Willard, and upon the dis- 
similar dikes found at Campton. His early death cut short a 
most promising career. . 
The progress of the New Hampshire survey was much retarded 
by the presence of a dense forest covering an area of 2000 square 
miles in the northern portion of the state, and by the difficulties 
of transportation. All this mountainous forest had to be trav- 
ersed on foot mostly without paths or guides. From the summit 
of Mount Washington a sea of mountains is visible. Every one 
