158 Tila Wh SEAR CIEMILIO 
have been formed beneath sea-water. The static water in the 
cases under discussion was fresh water and would oppose less 
resistance to the glacial streams. 
The chief and perhaps fatal objection to this explanation is 
the extreme height of the Hopper range, which is 250 feet over 
the highest water-level, but there is so much uncertainty con- 
cerning the internal composition of the Hopper mass that it is 
an unsafe basis in this argument. 
This discussion has a direct bearing upon the matter of gla- 
cial drainage in another aspect. To deny the possibility of ice- 
dams, or the capacity of glacial ice to serve as a barrier to deep 
water, requires evidently interglacial or subglacial drainage to 
the sea in the case of the Ontario glacier. The topography of 
the land surface is such that during the melting toward the 
northeast of the Adirondack-Ontario ice-sheet the resulting 
waters must either have been ponded in front of the ice or have 
been suffered to escape beneath the ice to the sea by the St. 
Lawrence or the Mohawk depressions. The latter alternative 
means northward drainage. Asa matter of evident fact these 
kame areas consist of matter derived from terranes lying upon 
the north, and as evidently were produced by water currents 
from the north. The waters flowed from the ice-sheet not into 
the ice-sheet. 
The fact of static waters over the region is clearly shown by 
the two conspicuous erosion planes upon the kame hills, as 
already described. The suggestion of marine submergence is 
not entertained. 
The general trend of the kame areas southwestward may 
have been due to the prevailing direction of the glacial move- 
ment. 
The glacial débris above the ground moraine throughout this 
region seems to have been deposited chiefly as water-laid drift. 
The kame areas stand apart, without morainic connections, and 
terminal or frontal till moraines are no more than barely observ- 
able. The causation is probably complex. Rapid ice retreat ; 
action of the lake waters preventing considerable local accumu- 
