CLASSIFICATION OF MARINE TRIAS 395 
Karnic stage —The Mediterranean region has furnished the 
type for the Karnic stage, and its fauna has been summed up 
by Mojsisovics in the two works cited above. In the Alps this 
stage is divided into a lower or Cordevolic substage, zone of 
Trachyceras aon, represented by the St. Cassian beds; a middle 
or Julic, zone of 7. anonides, whose type is the Raibl beds; and 
an upper or Tuvalic, which is represented by the Sandling beds, 
the most characteristic fossils of which are T7vopites subbullatus 
Hauer, and its near relatives. 
Outside the Mediterranean region the Karnic stage is repre- 
sented in the Himalayas,’ where characteristic faunas of the Julic 
and Tuvalic substages occur; probably on the Island of Rotti? 
in the Indian Archipelago; and in California, where its fauna 
has been described and listed in the same papers that were cited 
under the Noric stage. 
Faunal anomahes.—In the Mediterranean region the lower 
and middle Karnic substages are characterized by the prevalence 
of Lrachyceras and Protrachyceras and the absence of Trofites ; 
while in the upper Karnic 7vachyceras and Protrachyceras have 
disappeared, being replaced by Szvenites; while Tropites and its 
allies make up a large part of the fauna. This is also true of 
the Himalayan province, where the Swddullatus fauna appears 
after that of Zvachyceras aon, and not intermingled with it. In 
those regions 7rvachyceras does not seem to have left any descend- 
ants in upper Karnic time, and 7vofites and its near allies seem 
to have no local ancestors, but have migrated in from some region 
outside the Thetys sea. 
In the Karnic beds of California,3 just at the top of the 
FHlalobia slates, are found great numbers of Protrachyceras and 
Strvenites, associated with Tropites Subbullatus Hauer, and numer- 
ous other species of 7 ropites Bulla. One of the Protrachycerata 
*C. DIENER, Denksch. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math. nat. C. Bd. LXII, 1895. 
2A. ROTHPLETZ, Perm Trias und Juraformation auf Timor und Rotti, Palzeon- 
tographica, 39 Band. 1892. 
3 For the stratigraphy of this series see JOURNAL GEOLOGY, Vol. II, No. 6. J. P. 
SmMitH: The Metamorphic Series of Shasta county, California; and Bull. Geol. Soc. 
Am., Vol. III, A. Hyart, Jura and Trias at Taylorsville. 
