LARGE-SCALE B MARS AS GEOGRALHIGAE 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
VERBAL descriptions are so insufficient in geographical teach- 
ing that supplementary illustrations, in the forms of maps, 
views, and models, must be employed as faras possible. As an 
aid towards making a collection of the first class of these illus- 
trative materials, this essay gives an account of a number of 
examples from a collection of grouped sheets of foreign large- 
scale topographical maps that have been used in my college 
course in Physical Geography— Physiography—with much 
profit during recent years. 
The ordinary wall and atlas maps, on a scale of I—1,000,000 
or smaller, show large parts of the world and suggest the gen- 
eral location of one geographical feature with respect to another; 
‘they give much general information, but they afford no suf- 
‘ficient indication of topographical form. Land relief is so far 
generalized on such maps that its conventional representation 
hardly recalls the image of land forms as we actually see them 
outdoors. The detailed governmental maps, on the other hand, 
on a scale of I-100,000 or larger, show so small an area of 
country that their location can at first be hardly identified, 
unless they happen to include some well-known city, or river, 
or other familiar feature; they must generally be located by 
means of an ordinary small-scale map which designates their 
area with respect to known boundaries. But these maps repre- 
sent so much topographical detail that an examination of them 
really gives a good idea of the actual minute forms of which the 
land surface is made up; and they thus supply a basis for geo- 
graphical observation that is in the highest degree profitable to 
the student or investigator. They are in effect so many new 
texts, in graphic instead of in verbal form. Some practice is 
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