MAPS AS GEOGRAPHICAL ILLUSTRATIONS 497 
many other examples of this kind, the meander belt (the belt of 
country included between a pair of lines tangent to the outside 
of the meander curves) seems to have widened from the meas- 
ure that it possessed at the close of the former cycle; the evi- 
dence of this being found in the more gentle slopes by which 
the convex lobes of the upland descend into the meanders ; 
while on the opposite side of the river, the descent from the 
upland to the river's bank is abrupt. The stream has therefore 
not cut its present valley vertically beneath its former path, but 
has swung out somewhat to the right and left at its convex turns, 
encroaching on the plateau on either side, and prolonging the 
lobes of the upland that descend into the meander curves. A 
special bit of evidence for this supposition is found at the village 
of Duclair, some eight miles west of Rouen. Here a small 
stream, coming from the upland on the north, formerly continued 
its way through a southward lobe to the next down-stream curve 
of the Seine; but the ridge that separated the stream from the 
Seine has now been cut through by the northward encroachment 
of the meandering river, and for this reason the stream now 
mouths in the Seine several miles above its former mouth ; its 
abandoned lower valley appearing as a narrow trench running 
obliquely through a lobe of the upland.* 
The Pays de Bray is shown in great part on sheets 20 and 31. 
Structurally, it is a torn anticline, trending and plunging north- 
west and southeast, with a fault on the northeast side. Now 
deeply denuded, it determines a series of low ridges and shallow 
valleys, arranged in the form of a strung bow, with upper Jurassic 
strata revealed in the space between the bow and the string. 
The great initial elevation of this anticline is now well beveled 
down to an altitude on its ridges of a little over two hundred 
meters, and this accords so well with the general altitude of the 
Chalk and Tertiary uplands hereabouts, that the ridges of Bray 
«This accident and certain features of the next two groups of maps are moer 
fully described in an essay by the author on the Seine, the Meuse, and the Moselle, 
Nat. Geogr. Mag., June and July, 1896; the same appearing in French in the Annales 
de Géographie (Paris), V, 1895, 25-49. 
