508 SLUDIES FOR STUDENTS 
also the Lobsonka from the north, all occupy comparatively 
narrow valleys. The Netze, therefore, evidently did not exca- 
vate the broad trough that it follows. Furthermore, the sides 
of this trough are on the whole rather sharply cut, as if by 
a powerful stream that frequently impinged on one or the 
other side, and not at all as if the valley had been widened 
by the slow action of a small stream. A pertinent account of 
this region may be expected in a promised essay on the ancient 
rivers of North Germany, by Berendt, in a forthcoming num- 
ber of the Forschungen zur Deutschen Landes und Volkskunde. 
THE ENCLOSED BAYS OF THE BALTIC. 
WoO rowjose Shiessis 295 1S, AG, Vil, 74, 73s aincl 1, 3, B,- 15, 
10, 2O; 30> 
On the southeastern side of the Baltic there are two bays 
known as the Frische (Frisian) and the Kurische, for the latter 
of which we have no ordinary English equivalent. The bays 
appear to be a product of the moderate submergence which 
this region has suffered, whereby its marginal lowlands and 
valleys have been flooded. At present both bays are enclosed 
by long curving sand-bars, and the original irregularity of the 
shore line has thus been greatly simplified. These bars are 
known as Nehrungen, a word that does not appear in the usual 
German dictionary. They are built up to heights of eighty o1 
one hundred, or even one hundred and eighty feet, by 
great sand dunes whose trend indicates the control by wes- 
terly winds. Both of the bars appear to have grown from 
southwest to northeast, as the end of the bars is now pushed 
far up towards the northern side of the bays. The curvature 
of the bars is, on the whole, remarkably smooth, but of greater 
inequality than that observed on similar bars on our Atlantic 
or Gulf coast, where the movement of the sea is much stronger 
than in the Baltic. The outlets of both bays are now protected 
by jetties in order to prevent their shoaling by drifting sand. 
The enclosed waters being shallow and quiet, the streams 
entering the bays form minutely digitate deltas, thus illustrating 
