276 REPORTS ON THE STATE OF SCIENCE. — 1916. 



(ii) That employers establish : 



(a) Associations of one trade in a given district. 



(b) National Associations of one Trade. 



(c) Local Federations of Trades. 



(d) National Federations of Trades- 



(h and d being organised under a system of representation.) 

 That workpeople establish unions and federations corresponding to 

 the above, 

 (iii) From the two National Federations there be elected an Indus- 

 trial Council, 

 (iv) That the State give recognition to approved associations, 

 unions, and federations under carefully devised regula- 

 tions, the State being the representative of the consumer 

 and of the community. 

 4. (i) On demobilisation, that district boards of really practical men 

 be established to consider and adjust difficulties, especially 

 as to replacement in industry of men who have joined the 

 Forces, 

 (ii) As to agreements and regulations in abeyance for the period of 

 the War. The industrial community will have an oppor- 

 tunity for considerable reconstruction. The new organisa- 

 tion suggested should take this in hand. 



Replacement of Men hy Women in Industry. — Abstract of the 

 Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor W. E. Scott 

 (Chairman), Mr. J. Gunnison (Secretary), Miss Ashley, 

 the Rt. Hon. C. W. Bowerman, Ptofessor S. J. Chapman, 

 Ven. Archdeacon Cunningham, Mr. W. J. Davis, Professor 

 E. C. K. GoNNER, and Mr. St. G. Heath. 



The activity of the Ministry of Munitions, the schemes for the ' dilution 

 of labour, ' and the scarcity of skilled male labour have brought about 

 in the second year of the war a marked development in the demand 

 for female labour. At the present time (July 1916) over half a million 

 women have replaced men who have left their occupations for more 

 urgent national service. 



The women who have taken the men's places have for the most part 

 had previous industrial experience, though seldom (in industry proper) 

 of the kind of work they are now doing. Many of them are married 

 women, or single women transferred from other occupations. Generally 

 the supply has been drawn from the neighbourhood, but some of the 

 munitions establishments have attracted women from a wide geographical 

 area, not always limited to the British Isles. 



Besides the employment of women on trams and railways, in banks, 

 and as postal servants (positions open to the public view), replacement 

 has occurred through the whole of industry. Few women are to be 



