PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 429 



ai all accurately, mapped from rough surveys and entirely unsurveyed and 

 unmapped in 18G0 — that is, nearly sixty years ago. These maps (Plate V.) will, 

 I hope, make the subject clearer to you than if 1 placed before you mere tables 

 of figures and statistics, which, though important in their place, do not convey 

 to the eye at a glance the facts and proportions that can be furnished by 

 diagrammatic maps and diagrams. 



For the sake of comparison of relative areas, the maps are all drawn on an 

 equal area projection, that is to say, a certain area on the map, such as a square 

 inch, everywhere represents the same area on the earth's surface. The idea kept 

 in view in drawing the maps is that the shade deepens as the accuracy of the 

 surveys increases. (1) The parts that are topographically mapped from 

 triangulation or rigorous traverses are .shown by the darkest tint ; (2) those that 

 are less accurately mapped from surveys chiefly non-topographical, and of which 

 in many places the basis consists to a great extent of disconnected land-office 

 and property plans, are shown by the tint next in density ; and then the next 

 lightest tint (3) represents the parts of the world that are only mapped from 

 route-surveys or rough traverses of explorers. Although these traverses vary 

 greatly in degree of accuracy, they cannot be considered so reliable as the surveys 

 shown by either of tlie other two shades, and in many cases the mapping con- 

 sists of the roughest sketches. (4) The regions that are entirely unsurveyed and 

 unmapped are indicated by the lightest tint of all, almost white. 



Before dealing with the present-day map, I desire to call attention to the 

 1860 map. Referring to the state of surveys in the Eastern Hemisphere in 1860, 

 it will be seen at once that outside the continent of Europe, where a considerable 

 extent of accurate surveying had been carried out, the only country where any 

 mapping, based upon triangulation, had been done was India. These areas are 

 shown in the darkest shading. In Europe, France, British Isles, Germany, 

 Austria, Italy, Russia, Switzerland, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Scandi- 

 navia had already made a good commencement with their Government maps 

 based upon trigonometrical surveys, but these were in several cases by no means 

 complete, and it is interesting to note that even of Scotland there existed at 

 that time no Ordnance Survey for the northern part. The southern part had been 

 surveyed and mapped on the one-inch scale long before this, but the survey was 

 afterwards carried on in England, and, later on, on the six-inch scale in Ireland, 

 so that the northern part of Scotland was not done in 1860. India has been noted 

 for the excellency of its surveys ever since the days of Major Lambton, whn 

 started the work in 1804, and Colonel Everest, who succeeded him as head of 

 the surveys after Lambton's death in 1823. As will be seen, in 1860 a consider- 

 able extent of India had been mapped from trigonometrical surveys. Even 

 before Lambton's time India had been well ahead of any other country outside 

 Europe with its surveys, which was entirely due to the energy and skill of 

 Major James Reimell, who as Surveyor-General of Bengal surveyed the Ganges 

 and lower Bramaputra rivers, as well as the districts of Bengal, with Behar, 

 between 1763 and 1782. 



In the parts of the Eastern Hemisphere that were surveyed and mapped 

 in the second degree of accuracy according to our system, that is, those shown 

 by the next tint, may be included most of the remaining parts of Europe, 

 Egypt, and parts of Algeria near the coast. For the rest such mapping as was 

 done was based upon rough route-sketches, shown by the third tint. In this 

 must be included practically all that was known of the African continent, such 

 as the explorations of Mungo Park, Beke, Livingstone, Speke and Grant, and 

 others, as well as the early exploratorj'- surveys in Central Asia and Australia. 

 The regions that were entirely unsurveyed and unmapped at this time were, as 

 you see, enormous in their extent, and included not only the Polar regions, but 

 vast areas of Central Africa, Asia, and Australia. 



Turning to the Western Hemisphere, we find that at this date no triangula- 

 tion of any extent had been carried out. The U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 

 had made a good start, but their work had been confined to the coastline or 

 districts near the coast. There had been La Condamine's attempt at measuring 

 an arc of the meridian near Quito in South America in 1736, the measurement of 

 the Mason and Dixon line, and their survey of the boundary between Pennsyl- 

 vania and Maryland, in the latter part of the same century ; but neither of these 



