224 TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION E. 



made with Italy in 1916, the agieeaient maue ocLweea Great Bntain, France, 

 ana iiubsia in lae spring ci Ibio, anu, lastly, ine itiruis oi the armistice aiia 

 tiie clause ot the Jjeague ul iNaiiuns uovenaiic wnitn abrogates aii uongatioua 

 between members inconsistent witn its terms. 



Xiie great question is whether i urkey, is to disappear as a Grea,t Power or 

 whether ner hte is to be extenaecl, moie or less m its present lorm, tnougii unuer 

 eincient control. The adoption oi the nrst auernative presents great lu.acuiiits, 

 and it therelore eeeins necessary to seek, a solution m the seconu. Loupiea, now- 

 ^.^r, witn the maintenance of tne iurKisn nag, tliere must be aflequate control at 

 Uonstantinopie and the tuUest autonomy tor tne various nationalities oi ^-^siatic 

 Turkey. A unineU mandate lor tne wnoie ±!.mpire, especially were it an American 

 or liribish mandate, would prove moie workable than control carried out by a 

 number ol ditterent mandatories. 



The natures oi the dinereni btates, or autonomous areas and their possible 

 frontiers, present great dithculties, owing to tne mixed population ana to the 

 rival claims which exist. vvliatever, tli&refore, may be the subdivisions of the 

 Ottoman Empire agreed to by the i'eace Uoniereiice, as the populations ot all 

 Liie new btates must remain mixed, steps should be taken to establisn absolute 

 equality before the law for minorities and majorities, for Christians and for 

 iVioslems. 



in conclusion, two vastly important questions must come up for settlement 

 in connection with the future ot Turkey. The first concerns the regularisation, 

 and, if po.ssible, the unification, of the several systems of jurisprudence existing 

 in the Ottoman Empire — systems necessarily to be inherited by any newly-createa 

 States, unless measures be taken to put an end to or to modify them. And 

 the second is bound up with the financial position of the country — lier pre-war 

 public debt and other liabilities — a position which must receive the most careful 

 consideration if precautions are to be taken to prevent these burdens from being 

 unfairly distributed in the future. 



2. Some GeogrwpJiical Aspects of Nationality and Internationalism. 

 By Marion I. Newbigin, D.Sc. 



In one of its aspects the war was a conflict between the older ideals asso- 

 ciated with the National State and the newer conception of Internationalism, 

 based upon the development of modern industry. Isroadly speaking, it may 

 be said that the former so far has conquered in the western section of the 

 Continent, with its great diversity of surface, and the latter in the wide uniform 

 plains of the east. Eor while Belgium has been restored and France re-estab- 

 lished in her old boundaries, the aims of the party still dominant in Russia are 

 definitely anti-national. Thus while the internationalists aimed at substituting 

 for the old-established National States of the west a greater unit with a purely 

 economic basis, their success has been limited to a region where neither 

 nationality nor modern industry has attained full development. Similarly, 

 whereas the internationalists claim that just as the National State rose from 

 local groups or separate city States, as the result of an improvement in com- 

 munications, so the greater unit of the future is the inevitable consequence of 

 modern means of transport ; in point of fact, their doctrines so far have only 

 prospered in an area where these are poorly developed. The paper examines 

 the factors which have determined the rise of National States and endeavours 

 to show that these are a response to largely unalterable physical conditions, 

 and are therefore destined, in one form or another, to persist as against the 

 conception of the industrialised International State. 



3. EtJinic versus Economic Frontiers of Poland. 

 By Miss M. A. ■Czaplick.\.i 



The war has made familiar such expressions ae, ' Geographical,' ' Historical,' 

 ' Ethnic' and ' Economic ' frontiers. The ' Geographical ' frontiers are the only 

 ones upon the definition of which everyone agrees, i.e., frontiers marked by 



' To be published in Scottish Geographical Magazine. 



