284 TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION H. 



height as a means of discriminating between the Nordic and Mediterranean 

 types noted. 



(c) The value of the cranial height and facial indices. 



{d) The value of standardised orthogonal projections of the normae of 

 skulls. 



(e) The value of stature and its quick reaction to environment. 



(/) The va,lue of eye colour and the presence of brown pigment. 



(g) The value of hair and skin colour and its difficulties. Frequency of 

 red hair as a racial test. 



(A) The features, especially the contour of the nose. 



5. A Coriiparison of an Ancient and a Surviving Type of Man. By 



Professor H. J. Fleure.^ 



Geographical study of anthropological types in modern populations has 

 revealed nests of persons resembling in many ways types of pre-Neolithic periods. 

 Among the pre-Neolithic skulls we may isolate the following examples of one 

 type : Brunn, Briix, Ofnet VI. 21, i, Combe Capelle, and Grenelle (Calotte). To 

 this list may in a eense be added the following, which, however, do not corre- 

 spond completely in character to the above : Galley Hill, Dartford, Langwith, 

 Chancelade, Obercassel, Hailing, Tilbury, Solutre 5, Ipswich, and Liri. Several 

 of the above are of disputable age. 



The question of the relationship of the so-called Grimaldi negroids and Barma 

 Grande No. 2 may he raised here. Of skulls of presumed later date we note 

 the Cave Skull B from Macarthur Cave, Oban, and from Arena Candida, Rome. 

 From Novilara (Iron Age), several skulls have index 66, 67, 68, because the 

 breadth is only 128-129. We may also instance a number of skulls from long 

 barrows in Britain, from cei-tain French dolmens (Bas Moulins and Billancourt) 

 and from Swedish megalithic graves. These seem to show a grading from what 

 we may call Combe Capelle characters to those we call Nordic. In the Combe 

 Capelle skull and related types we find length of skull approaching 200 or more, 

 breadth usually rather under 140, the cephalic index, therefore, being rather 

 under 70. The Basilo-Bregmatic height is slightly in excess of breadth, the 

 o-labella prominent, the supraciliaries large, with a sulcus above them but not 

 so much over the glabella, forehead retreating, skull hypsistenocephalic, nasal 

 index over 50, orbit usually low and long, prognathons, ' ellissoide pelasgico.' 

 Some characters we associate with the Nordic Race are higher vaulting of the 

 whole skull, a leptorrhine condition, with a survival of some of the strong, bony 

 development of the previous type. 



As regards living persons we have evidence from Somaliland, Abyssinia, 

 and Egypt, from Sardinia, from Tras-os-Montes, Portugal, from North Italy, 

 from the Rhone Valley, from various regions mentioned by de Quatrefages and 

 Hamy such as Austria, Rumania, Russia, and India. Nine clear cases have 

 been studied in some detail in the immediate vicinity of Plynlymon, and five 

 more from the same region closely approach the tjipe. About ten more have 

 been found not far off. These are all men of pure local descent. Several indi- 

 viduals of the type have also been studied on the moorlands in the remoter 

 parts of S.W. Wales. There is thus a strong presumption that we have a 

 persistent type, and it may be hinted that it is a type which has probably 

 contributed a good deal towards the evolution of at least the Nordic and the 

 ]\Iediterranean Races. , ,-, i, r^ n 



The characteristics of this type are those noted above for the Combe Capelle 

 skull, combined with darkness "of hair and eyes, prominence of the zygomatic 

 arches, stature rather greater on the whole than that of most Mediterranean 



We have evidence of the marked occurrence of the type round about 1870 

 and round about 1840 in Plynlymon district, so it must be truly characteristic 

 of this very remote region. 



s To be published in Journ. Avthropnlogical Imt, 



