288 ■ TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION H. 



4. Santiago; The Evolution of a Patron Saint. By Harold Peake.* 



The western side of the Iberian peninsula is strewn with megalithic monu- 

 ments, erected, according to some writers, by early prospectors tor metal and 

 other precious commodities. Though their original purpose is doubtful, they 

 became in time objects of veneration, and their worship was prohibited by the 

 Council of Toledo. Among these monuments two, a menhir and a hollowed 

 stone, stood near the port of Padron, and were known as Patronus and Barcha, 

 ' the skipper and the boat. ' 



When the Moors had over-run the greater part of the peninsula, the email 

 remnant of Christians left in Galicia needed a war-cry in the Holy War which 

 they waged against the Saracens. They selected Santiago, or St. James, for 

 their patron, and his cult became associated in the minds of the natives with 

 the megalithic Padron or Patronus. In spite of many attempts by bishops 

 and others to dissociate the two cults, including the transference of the shrine 

 from Padron to Compostella, it was found impossible to do so, and the 

 traditional story of St. James gathered around it«elf many features which 

 belonged to the original megalithic worship. 



5. Excavations in Cyprus in 1913. 

 By Professor J. L. Myres and L. H. D. Buxton.' 



These excavations were undertaken on behalf of the Cyprus Museum, with 

 funds granted by the Government of Cyprus, and were designed to supplement 

 existing evidence as to some of the more important problems in Cypriote 

 archaeology, as follows : — 



(1) In a Bronze Age necropolis at Lapathos on the north coast, a sequence 

 of tombs was obtained covering the ' Early ' and ' Middle ' Periods of the Bronze 

 Age, and contributing many interesting details to our knowledge of the burial 

 customs and physical types. The usual datemarks showed that the ' Middle ' 

 period began not earlier than the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt. 



(2) The late Bronze Age necropolis at Enkomi near Famagusta, already partly 

 excavated in 1895 for the British Museum, yielded few fresh tombs, but a good 

 deal of information as to the history of an ^gean colony on this site. 



(3) The well-known ' megalithic ' monument near Enkomi, popularly called 

 ' St. Catharine's Prison,' was shown to belong to the historic necropolis of 

 Salamis, and probably to its Greeco-Roman stage. 



(4) The ' Bamboula ' mound in the outskirts of Larnaca was shown to consist 

 of late Greek and Greeco-Roman stratified debris, overlying a fortification wall 

 and other remains of the Graeco-Phoenician city of Kition. The earliest remains 

 here go back only to the beginning of the Early Iron Age, and the wall, which 

 overlies them, may be as early as the seventh century B.C. 



(5) A sanctuary site at Levkoniko yielded a rich and continuous series of 

 Cypriote sculpture beginning in the seventh or eighth century B.C., and passing 

 mider successive Assyrian, Egyptian, Hellenic, and Grseco-Roman influences. 

 The figures were those of male votaries carrying various emblems of a local 

 deity eventually identified with the Greek Apollo, and illustrating some difficult 

 questions of costume. 



(6) The Byzantine site at Lampousa on the north coast near Lapathos yielded 

 only evidence of wholesale quarrying of the older settlements, during the Middle 

 Ages. The Hellenic town of Lapathos has thus been wholly destroyed, and its 

 Byzantine successor has been utterly ransacked by treasure-hunters. 



The antiquities from these sites are exhibited in the Cyprus Museuni. A 

 full report of the excavations has been delayed by the war, but will be published 

 shortly ; and also the results of Mr. Buxton's anthropometric study of the ancient 

 and modern Cypriotes. 



I 



= See FolHore. xxx, 3, pp. 208-226. 



' See Journ. Anthropological Imt., Part 1, 1920. ' 



