TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION L. 355 



spirit of experimental inquiry by which all scientific progress is secured. In 

 this way it should be possible, even with the present limitations of time, to 

 provide training in method, as well as wide knowledge of substance, of science. 

 Before any reform of this character is possible, however, schools and examining 

 bodies must revise their syllabuses so that the school course can be complete in 

 itself and not, as seems generally to be assumed, merely preliminary work for 

 pupils who intend to proceed^ to science degrees in universities. 



f 



In Ihe course of the above discussion the Teaching of Botany was dealt 

 with i>i joint session icitli Section K (see p. 336). 



3. Joint Discussion with Section F wpon Business in relation to Educa- 

 tion, opened by the following Paper: — 



Business in relation to Education. 

 By Sir Hebbeet E. Mobgan.^ 



Business and manufacture always include three elements — capital, labour, 

 direction. Importance of the directing, educated element in business : each 

 additional directing brain provides work for number of additional employees, 

 reduces unemployment, increases output, furthers national trade, uses capital 

 to best advantage. 



Twofold theme of paper. (a) More and wider education for business men 

 present and prospective, (b) More of the liberally educated class to be attracted 

 to and prepared for business. 



(u) Men little educated outside limits of business apt to be narrow. Narrow- 

 ness limits conception of business possibilities, hampers initiative. Also liable 

 to cause friction with labour : does not recognise needs and legitimate aspira- 

 tions of labour, necessity of adaptation to changed conditions of life. 



Need for better commercial education of men and boys proposing to enter 

 business. Shorthand, typewriting, book-keeping not enough, except for quite 

 subordinate grades. Hitherto no method or standard of training for business 

 as for law or medicine. London University proposal for Degrees in Commerce 

 designed to change this. Importance to business men of foreign languages, 

 geography, history, economics, all studied with special reference to commerce. 

 Outline of proposed course. Applicable both to those about to enter business 

 and to existing business men. Business education will render available large 

 .supplies of brain-power just demobilised and at present lying idle. 



Business formerly looked down upon by University and public-school men. 

 Wrong ideas of business ; not presented as attractively as learned professions : 

 regarded as simply sordid money-getting ; national and Imperial aspects not 

 emphasised. Business achievements in the past : the flag follows trade. Possi- 

 bilities in future. Former prejudice by employers against University type : 

 regarded as wasters and unfitted, by their training, for business. Both pre- 

 judices already disappearing before war : war has hastened the process. Men 

 of this type now ready to turn to anything ; shortage of personnel has led 

 business men to make experiments which have proved value of University 

 type. 



Need for business knowledge before offering services. Business training 

 should be in addition to, not substituted for, regular University course. Com- 

 mercial degrees needed at Oxford and Cambridge as at London University, 

 so as to graft sound business training on to admitted advantages of the older 

 Universities. Appeal from them for Government grants offers opportunity to 

 make provision for this. 



Summary. — Great need of the day is largely increased production. This 

 is impossible without skilled direction. Educated men needed for direction, men 

 educated in the right way, with technical training added to sound general 

 knowledge and broad views. Boundless possibilities in business for both eelf- 



' See Wciijs and Means. 1919. 



